Saturday, November 16, 2019
Cognitive Psychology Essay Example for Free
Cognitive Psychology Essay Cognitive Psychology is the study of how people absorb, process and store information. It is considered as a discipline in dealing with other fields like science, philosophy and language. Perception, thinking, attention, memory, decision Making and Problem Solving ability are some factors that determine this field of psychology. This field serves as an aid in making educational curriculum and other software designs needed for learning. Studying this field focuses on human information processing.            Internal mental state is the focus of cognitive psychology. People who focuses on this field merely studies how to understand, trace and find cure to serious problems relating to mental health. There are 7 themes associated with Cognitive Psychology: Attention, Automatic and conscious processing, Data driven and conceptually driven processing, Knowledge representation, Metacognition, Unconscious processing and Levels of analysis in cognitive science (Pritchard, 2000).            One discipline involved in this field is that cognitive psychology is said to be different from neuroscience because it discusses information processing at a software level. The primary method used is through experimentation on human subjects. Wilhelm Wundt is one remarkable cognitive psychologist who established his first laboratory in 1879. His study focuses on conscious experience (Pritchard, 2000). â€Å"Wundt did experiments involving introspection. Introspection is self-examination of the mind, or conscious experience. Wundt asked subjects to introspect about the feelings and sensations they had in response to a physical stimulus†(Pritchard, 2000). His perseverance on studying cognitive psychology made him consider this subject as a formal academic discipline.            Through further studies and continuous search for developing this field, Wundt was able to train another psychologist like him in the person of Edward Titchener. â€Å"Titchener tried to determine the contents of the mind further (Pritchard, 2000). Structuralism was discovered by him where he was able to determine the elements of thought and how those elements were combined.            Another fundamental of cognitive psychology is Herman Ebbinghaus discovery during the late 19th century. â€Å"Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to study memory in a quantifiable manner. Nonsense syllables are CVCs, consonant- vowel-consonant trigrams. Ebbinghaus chose those as his subject matter, because he wanted to study memory in a pure form. Hence, he did not want to use items that already had some meaning attached to them. Ebbinghaus demonstrated effects of interference, practice time and forgetting†(Pritchard, 2000).            Another proponent is Edward Tolman who was famous because of his work that centered around animals who demonstrates behaviors based on expectations and internal factors. The importance of his study on cognitive psychology is about memorization. He made experiment on rats by putting them in a maze after they were trained. The rats reached the goal point without going to the learned place. This supported the notion that they had created a cognitive map.            Behavior on the other hand is relevant to cognitive psychology because this is where the processed information appears. The effect of consciousness is determined by the outcome through a persons behavior. â€Å"Wundt and Titchener were aware of the subjectivity of consciousness, but they still believed that consciousness could be studied†(Pritchard, 2000). Behavior is said to be objective and not subjective. The universal laws of behavior can be determined through psychology because all living things are subject to experimentation of why they come up with such results.            Cognitive psychology and behaviorism goes hand in hand because there are certain aspects that cannot be determined by one field alone. Behaviorism is seen through actions while cognitive deals with information processing. â€Å"Because of behaviorisms emphasis on the observable there were some things that they just didnt talk about. Memory, language, and other mental activities would not be discussed by behaviorists. At least they wouldnt be discussed as we would discuss them, with reference to mental events and thoughts that are unobservable by other people. They tried to explain these phenomenon by constructing theories involving biological drives and habits†(Pritchard, 2000).            Although there are some arguments relating to behavior and cognitive psychology, since there are claims that Mental processes were considered habits that were not connected to the brain, still Cognitive psychology diminishes the confusions as to why human come up with that action. There are interacting determinants between behavior and cognitive psychology. Through these field people learn that as a discipline, cognitive psychology is developed to bridge the gap between behaviorism and cognitive social psychology. Tracing the development of cognitive psychology, it developed mainly from Behavioral psychology because through observations and critical thinking, cognitive psychologist learn to investigate more about information processing. References Pritchard, Evan (2000) Attention and Memory Chapter 1 How Cognitive Psychology     Developed. An article about Cognitive Psychology from the winnipeg website.            Retrieved March 15, 2008 from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~epritch1/amdvlop.htm
Thursday, November 14, 2019
The Arts in Boston Overcome Hard Times Essay -- Ballet Economy Economi
The Arts in Boston Overcome Hard Times Visions of the Sugar Plum Fairy may be dancing in some people’s heads for this up-coming Christmas season, but for the Boston Ballet, a non-profit organization, these visions are being high kicked out of the way by the Radio City Rockettes, who will be replacing the Nutcracker at the Wang Theatre in the 2004 season. With the poor economy that has engulfed the nation, many non-profit organizations in the Boston area are feeling a financial burden, most recently the Boston Ballet. The ballet, which is famous for its annual Christmas production of the Nutcracker, faced a $3.5 million budget cut this year, in addition to losing their space to the Rockettes and having to find a new home for next year. One ballet board member told The Boston Herald that the Nutcracker is leaving because attendance has â€Å"been a drain for some time and people are tired of it. The attendance has been falling like a rock year after year.†Despite the Boston Ballet’s recent bad fortune, many non-profit organizations in this area admit that they have seen a drop within the past couple of years, but say they are back on their feet again as far as donations and attendance. One major non-profit organization, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, or BSO, said despite the poor economy they continue their mission, which, according the their website www.bso.org, is â€Å"to increase the understanding and enjoyment of music by creating performances and by providing educational and training programs at the highest level of excellence.†The BSO admits that while they have seen some drops in donations as well as attendance, it does seem to be leveling off. â€Å"The poor economy has absolutely caused a problem as far as attendance a... ...ttract student discounts, and I think I will look into getting one for myself,†said Galanter. The success of the MFA is closely tied to the quality of its exhibits. â€Å"We currently have Rembrandt's Journey on view. Our next major exhibition is Gauguin Tahiti which opens in February,†said Petruccelli. Our cultural neighbors struggled somewhat because of the poor economy. However, these non-profit organizations have fared well in these hard times, both in terms of income and assets, and have since been recovering strongly enough that meeting their financial goals in the future seems promising. For the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Huntington Theatre Company, and the Museum of Fine arts, the worst is behind them, and they are optimistic about their future. The Boston Ballet, on the other hand, has yet to finalize a home for the 2004 production of the Nutcracker.
Monday, November 11, 2019
North Coast Town Essay
Robert Gray’s North Coast Town is a poem that shows how Australia is becoming more influenced by America and how the world is filled with artificiality. He presents us with a detailed description of the town which reflects his views on the changing nature of Australia. The poem takes on the persona of a hitchhiker without any money. The first stanza talks about how the persona gets up in the morning after sleeping on the beach. The use of descriptive language creates a visual image for the reader, â€Å"a Shell station (with their Men’s locked),†The symbol of that petrol station is of a shell yet it’s devoid of any authenticity towards a natural shell signifying an artificial world. The craze of rock n roll in America made it’s way to Australia and having the same â€Å"greasy Fifties pompadourâ€Å" hairstyle like Elvis Presley’s was considered popular. The use of imagery in the fourth stanza creates a visual image of the typical 50’s hairstyle for the reader. This represents the superficiality and America’s strong influence on Australia’s identity. The use of alliteration in the fifth stanza, â€Å"stucco†¦ sea shells†evokes a stronger sense of the town’s lack of depth through its exaggerated decorations. Gray suggests that the town has lost its individuality, everything is borrowed from foreign cultures. The use of metaphor, â€Å"They’re making California†, highlights the fact that Australia idolizes America and are therefore strongly influenced by them. As the persona hitches a ride, he comes to see various superficial sides of the place. The idea of Americanisation is incorporated through the visual image of the â€Å"pink ‘Tropicana motel†. It reveals the town’s pathetic attempt at imitating America. This represents the town people’s desperation to make money off of tourists. The â€Å"image flaps in shop fronts†also symbolizes the hopeless replicas everywhere. The town’s imitation of America is further enforced through use of verbs. â€Å"We pass bulldozed acres. †This signifies the increase of urbanization within the settlement as their way of â€Å"making California†. In this poem, Gray utilizes various poetic techniques to show perspective on the artificiality and the influences of America corrupting the town.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Stepper Motors and Servomotors
Stepper motors and Servomotors Motors are the special electrical devices that have been developed by the engineers for the conversion of energy from one form to another. Engineers have developed the science of motors to an extent wherein they can be used for numerous applications and in several technologies. We would discuss the characteristics of two of the most commonly used types of motors, i. e. the stepper motors and the servomotors. Both these motors serve different purposes and are used and employed for different reasons and different applications based on the need and the requirement.The stepper motors are those motors that work on the basis of the x/y axis coordinates and works on the basis of a special torch, which can help in pointing at all the directions and the synchronization observed between the two coordinates and axes of the motor makes it simple to work. The best characteristic of the stepper motor is that it offers high reliability and not only reliability but als o exhibits extremely high speed, thus making the operations much more efficient. Numerous technologies make use of the stepper motors and that is because they are also inexpensive.Since these motors make sure that they don’t miss the steps, they give and lead to extremely high efficiency and output. The costs and efforts required for the management and repair of these motors are also comparatively less. Servo motors are slightly different as compared to the stepper motors. They are actually the rotary actuators that help in gaining complete accuracy and precision for the purpose of controlling the angular position during the working of the motors. They are high performance motors and usually replace the stepper motors due to their high performances.One major advantage that the stepper motors have but servomotors don’t have is that the stepper motors are comparatively cheaper than the servomotors and hence tend to be more employed and used. Servo motors are also usually bigger and heavier than the stepper motors and are hence used mostly for heavy machinery and big equipments. One thing that amazes users is the intelligence factor that can be embedded for the servomotors. Servomotors can be made interesting and much more automated with certain developments and coding.They are commonly use for different applications including that of robotics and automated manufacturing. By comparing both these types of motors, we see that they both have their own characteristics and their own pros and cons. Though their working dynamics differ significantly, they still can be used at the same place. The final decision however lies on the requirement and the need for the efficiency, cost and size of the motor. Industries make use of both these motor types very frequently. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Whos for the Game Essay Example
Whos for the Game Essay Example Whos for the Game Paper Whos for the Game Paper Essay Topic: Jessie Pope War Poetry Poetry The Great War was the most horrific and blood thirsty war in history. It was started by the assassination of the Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand. The battlefields were endless stretches of trenches, this was known as the Western Front. The trenches were an awful place to live, they were made out of sandbags, duckboards, and rotting corpses. The trenches were also wet, muddy and full of vermin and disease. Many soldiers got trench foot, which was caused by standing in the mud and stagnant water that filled the trenches. Many soldiers also were suffering from neurasthenia (shell shock) this was a nervous disorder that was brought on by all the horrific factors of the war; the noise, seeing people dying a quick and painless death or a long and agonising one which the other soldiers could not do anything about it. Many poems were written during the early stages of the war to help recruitment for the army, at this stage recruitment was voluntary, but in 1916 all men over the age of 16 had to join the army. If you refused a white feather was posted through your letterbox-this signified that you were a coward. An example of a poem, which was written to recruit people to the army, is `Whos for the Game? ` By Jessie Pope. This poems imagery makes war sound like a game or show. It makes it sound this way because she uses words like fun, tackled and a good example is in the title, `Whos for the Game? ` Using these sorts of images makes the person reading the poem think that the worst you can do is suffer a sporting injury. The poem also has a perfect rhyme scheme, the rhymes are on alternative lines, ABAB CDCD and so on, an example of the rhyming is, fight and tight most of the rhyming words are one syllable long and there is a long pause after nearly every line this is due to punctuation such as full stops and question marks. The rhythm and rhyme are made this simple so the poem is simple and easy to read and so that it ca be chanted and easy to remember. Pope also uses euphemisms, which makes the war sound not as bad to the reader. Pope uses euphemisms because the amount of people ready to go to war would definitely decline if Pope said that you were likely to die either a quick or long drawn out death. Pope got away with using these because news coming from the war was censored so nobody knew what was really going on out their except the men who had been sent home to be treated for war wounds or psychological problems. Pope said in her poem, Who would rather come back with a crutch as if that was the worst thing that could happen to you whereas that was the luckiest thing that could happen to you, she also said Who knows this wont be a picnic not much meaning that it might be a little uncomfortable and not that you would probably be witnessing the death of you friends. Pope uses a lot of rhetorical questions; rhetorical questions are questions that dont need an answer because the answer is obvious. She uses them to sort of hypnotise the reader by giving them two choices, these are to either make you say yes or no but the way that she asks the questions only gives you one answer and that is yes, for example Whos for the game? and Wholl give his country a hand? Pope also uses jingoism she says, Your country is up to her neck this implies that Britain is female the jingoistic idea in this phrase is that Germans mistreat British women. The final tactic that Pope uses is machismo, she uses this to appeal to males and the masculine side of people she does this by using words that will appeal to the male behaviour such as fight and tackle. All these ideas will help dramatically in the purpose of this poem, which was to recruit people to go to war. The Great War was the first war of its time where most soldiers were literate and could read and write. One such soldier was Wilfred Owen, who was a poet. Wilfred Owen wrote a direct response aimed at `Whos for the Game? ` Wilfred Owen had an interest in music and poetry at an early age, which his mother encouraged. After finishing school Owen wanted to go to university but could not afford it so he went to France and taught English. After the war broke out he returned to England and volunteered his services. After training Owen became an officer and was sent to France in 1916. Whilst in the trenches a shell burst right next to Owen and he became shell shocked so he was sent to Scotland and treated for it in the Craig Lockheart Hospital where they specialised in shell shock. Also in the hospital was another soldier-poet, Sassoon. Sassoon was a published poet, he encouraged Owen to write. Sassoon helped write and develop some of Owenss poetry. One of Owens poems was `Dulce es Decorum est` this was the poem that Owen wrote in response to `Whos for the Game`. The imagery in `Dulce es Decorum est` is the truth and horrors of the war. In this poem Owen uses a lot of similes and hardly any metaphors whereas in `Whos for the Game` Pope uses a lot of metaphors and only a few similes. This is because similes are less definite than metaphors. Pope uses metaphors to tell you what to do and think, Owen uses similes to make you think and give your own opinion of what hes trying to put across, for example like old beggars under sacks and coughing like hags we all have a different view on what image this gives us. The rhythm and rhyme in this poem is very important. It has the same rhyme scheme as Whos for the Game, ABAB CDCD ect. But the rhyme is not very noticeable when read aloud but you can see it on the page. The reason why the rhyme is not very noticeable is because the poem hasnt many lines with punctuation at the end most of the poems punctuation is in the middle of the lines. The poem also has enjambment, as some of the sentences are more than one line long for example the first sentence is four lines long. This disguises the rhyme and gives the poem a conversation like rhythm. This poem is written in the first person, which is I or we, in `Whos for the Game` Pope writes in third person, which is you. Owen does this to make the poem sound personal, authentic and as if hes telling a story. In the poem the emotion of anger and annoyment comes across from Owen because at the end of the poem he says, my friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce es decorum est Pro patria mori. He sounds angry and annoyed because of people like Jessie Pope who are exploiting young men of their needs to prove themselves. He also sounds bitter and betrayed because he says the old Lie The subject of the poem is that a platoon of soldiers are returning to a safer position after completing a patrol or watch in one of the forward trenches. While the Soldiers are going back they get gassed; one of the soldiers didnt get his helmet on in time and dies in front of the rest of the platoon. The attack had psychological effects on Owen, who was one of the witnesses; the sight of his friend dying gave him nightmares. This poem puts the public image of the heroic soldier and turns it into the image which Owen saw; this was hags and beggars. The truth was most soldiers feared the gas attacks most because there was nothing you could do if one of your friends was dying in front of you whereas if your friend was shot you could help them. The purpose and message of `Dulce es Decorum est` is to tell the truth about the war and make people like Jessie Pope see that if they knew first hand how bad the war was that they wouldnt be encouraging recruitment. Wilfred Owen also wrote another war poem this is called `Anthem For Doomed Youth` these poems are alike because they both talk about death in the trenches and way the soldiers who died where commemorated. They also have a lot of contrasts for example the rhythms are different as `Dulce es Decorum est` is in speech rhythm and `Anthem for Doomed Youth` is in an iamb pentameter. `Anthem for Doomed Youth` is written in the style of the sonnet, this was a favourite of Owen, a sonnet has 14 lines each containing five stressed syllables and the rhyming pattern is ABABCDCD EFFEGG. Sonnets are set into two parts this is an octave, 8 lines, and then sestet, 6 lines. The octave normally contains the point of view and then the sestet contains a different approach or point of view. In `Anthem for Doomed Youth` Owen uses the octave to say how the soldiers death was unmarked as he describes the death of the soldiers as for these who die as cattle? this can mean many things but I think Owen meant slaughter. Slaughter is a very meaningful word as it means that the people who were being killed were defenceless and whilst killing them the enemies were at no real danger. Owen uses the sestet to say that on the other hand people are doing their best in difficult circumstances to commemorate their friends or colleagues deaths. Anthem for Doomed Youth` is comparing a traditional Victorian funeral to the funeral of a man who died in the trenches. He wrote this poem in a sonnet also because hes trying to describe a traditional event so he used a traditional form of poetry. Funerals are also associated with solemn music this poem is solemn and musical. Anthem for Doomed Youth is full of metaphors he represents the passing-bells from a traditional funeral as the monstrous anger of the guns. He describes the candles as their eyes that will show the holy glimmers of their goodbyes. And also he represents the traditional rawing of blinds, as each slow dusk, this means that it was an everyday occurrence because dusk happens everyday. Poetry of the time these pieces were written was very important, as they were a powerful artistic expression and part of everyday life. War poems reflected all kinds of opinion about the war and were all used for different purposes as I have discussed three poems of the time Jessie Popes `Whos for the Game, written for the purpose of recruitment, and Wilfred Owens `Dulce es Decorum est` and `Anthem for Doomed Youth,` written for the purpose of to show people what the War was really like. Owenss close friend Sassoon also wrote War poems he hoped they would change the Opinion of the pubic this is a extract from a letter of protest that he sent to The Times newspaper, Also I believe that it may help to destroy the callous complacence with which the majority of these at home regard the continuance of agonies which they do not share, and which they have not sufficient imagination to realise. This means he writes the poems he writes to try and give people the thoughts and imagination for them to think on their own what is happening in the War.
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
Benefits and challenges of Big Data For Business And Customers
Big data is providing access to the data that are available. Due to expansion of big data into the platforms of business intelligence, the professionals can expand analytics. The use of information technology can reduce the healthcare cost while it improves the quality of the services (Mahajan, Gaba and Chauhan 2016). Lowering the cost as well as enabling the efficiencies is considered as critical goals of the healthcare service provider. Another benefit of the big data is that it optimizes clinical trials by preventing errors, reduction of cost and making sure for pliance. The data points are presented into analytic as well as reporting virtualizations that help the service provider to improve and develop their service quality (Ammu and Irfanuddin 2013). With use of the big data, the organization analyzes the root causes of both failures as well as issues in the real time. It also personalizes the experience of the customers and the risks are quickly identified. In some of the business organization, big data plays a significant role in security. The big data analytics are used in some areas of cyber security such as it allows the business to start play an offense against the attackers (Jakobik 2016). In this way, they can prevent the vulnerabilities. New and advanced technologies are increasing the use of big data in current era. The business organization is using of big data for purpose of business intelligence, predictive analytics as well as data mining tasks.  While the benefits of the big data are real, there are also some technical challenges of big data. One of the challenges is that there is difficulty in generating right metadata so that it can describe the data, how it is verified and measured. There is lack of coordination among the database systems (Michael and Miller 2013). The system can host of data and give query for the SQL. For large decades, management of large and high volume of big data b es a challenge. Large time is required to analyze the data set. However, there are some cases when the data required analyzing immediately, therefore that time it b es a problem. The biggest challenge of big data is privacy issues (Ammu and Irfanuddin 2013). The data which are stored within the database system are not handled properly and sometimes, they are accessed by any third party person. Therefore, the data are shared with an unauthorized person.        Ammu, N. and Irfanuddin, M., 2013. Big Data Challenges. International Journal of Advanced Trends in puter Science and Engineering, 2(1), pp.613-615. Jakà ³bik, A., 2016. Big Data Security. In Resource Management for Big Data Platforms (pp. 241-261). Springer International Publishing. Mahajan, P., Gaba, G. and Chauhan, N.S., 2016. Big Data Security. IITM Journal of Management and IT, 7(1), pp.89-94. Michael, K. and Miller, K.W., 2013. Big data: New opportunities and new challenges [guest editors' introduction]. puter, 46(6), pp.22-24.
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Women in Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Women in Sciences - Essay Example Other men and women scientists spoke from firsthand experience about the difficulties encountered by women scientists in the past and the present. Participants responded to working papers describing the current state of research on each subject and to an evolving plan for discussion. (Gerhard, 1995) Throughout, the principal objective was to identify questions, ideas, theories, and methods, which might contribute to a new research agenda on the subject of women in science, most likely in biological sciences. Biological sciences, today requires the contribution of modern women to think about the several critical aspects, which are never highlighted in such a manner, as they are highlighted today. Today's women are well aware of those facts due to which the importance of women in the field of "biology" urges women to contribute. The main reason apart from the predominating world of men lies in different aspects relating to women psychology which leads women to think in umpteen ways of criticism, the inferiority complex men has developed within women throughout the nations and the rejection of women appearance in several fields in the past. Today's woman has faced criticism while stepping in Biological sciences in many ways, criticism can be considered from two points of view. (Gerhard, 1995) Criticism, as an activity intimation connected with the pursuit of biology, one that is rendered necessary by the fact that biology is a growing subject, and its growth is not a simple matter of accumulation, but involves frequent readjustment between theory and observation. Women have suffered to be illiterate in the beginning of that era which was governed by men's superiority. Despite of the biological supremacy, which she possesses in the form of delivering not only an individual but also a personality, she has still suffered by not subjecting towards biological sciences. Today's women have understood all the crises for which she was not subjected to biology, so she is now passing a threshold beyond which gender no longer matters in determining career outcomes. Women biologists in this era are doing as well as their male counterparts. Among the younger women in the physical sciences, mathematics, and engineering, for example, the average academic status is almost one full rank below the men's. A partial explanation may be that women have achieved a "critical mass" in biology, where they make up a higher percentage of the population than in physics or chemistry or in any other subject. In addition, the attitudes and behaviors of female and male biologists may have created an atmosphere that is more hospitable to women, thus shrinking the gender gap. (Gerhard, 1995) The current status of women in science is a blend of decisive advance and unfulfilled promise, unfulfilled in the sense that the women in sufferance had always kept on promises for the last two decades, she had always prompted to bear the domination from men with
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