A New Concept - 1789 Words

IAQ is not a new concept, consider our ancestors living in caves and the impact from smoke pollutions or in ancient Egypt stonemasons working in the open air were healthier than those working in workshop. Even Biblical scripts refer to the dangers of mould in the home. However, there have been four fundamental developments that have occurred in the last forty-five years (Lee, et al., 1996): †¢ The increased time spent within indoor environments. †¢ The increased dependency on artificial products (building materials and finishes, scents, furniture). †¢ The increased occupancy density (open plan offices, reduction of working space). †¢ Advancements of energy conservation techniques (air tight buildings, re-circulated air, reduced ventilation). A growing body of scientific evidence has indicated that the air within buildings can be more seriously polluted than the outdoor air in even the largest and most industrialized cities. The US’s Toxic Substances Strategy Committee stated that the majority of cancers (80-90%) are triggered by exposure to substances in the environment (Landrigan et al., 2002). According to a 5-year-study carried out by the US Environmental Protection Agency (Greenfield, 1991), peak concentrations of 20 toxic compounds, some linked with cancer and birth defects, were 200-500 times higher inside than outdoors. It is necessary to note that these figures are based on US values and there is a need to exhibit caution in applying them directly to the UK inShow MoreRelatedTerrorism Is Not A New Concept Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesterrorist group would continue over the next decade. By most accounts, the struggle even continues today. While this was one of the worst terror attacks in modern history, terrorism is not a new concept. Terrorism dates back to the nationalists’ fights against established governments, but has amplified since the 1970’s. New terrorist groups are constantly forming and recruiting members, not only from their home countries, but thanks to technology, from every corner of the globe. Today, even American citizensRead MoreGlo balization Is Not A New Concept1414 Words   |  6 Pageseconomy on the others is the growing norm of the world’s society. Why the countries are dependent on one another? Can’t they survive isolated from the rest of the world? The answer is laid upon the term Globalization. The globalization is not a new concept; it even existed even thousands of years ago. However, it became much popular in the nineteenth century most prevalently after the world war when the economies around the world tend to grow and develop outside its geographical region. The technologicalRead MoreThe Concept Of New Consumerism Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of ‘new consumerism’ has emerged in the contemporary world as one of the biggest determinants of consumer expenditure habits, their lifestyles, and various other aspects that define a society. Juliet Schor, one of the most renowned economists characterizes this concept through the various behaviors that consumers tend to portray such as the up-scaling of their lifestyles, competitive consumption and the imbalance between their earnings and their desires. Consequently, the individual wellnessRead MoreMedia Is Not A New Concept1548 Words   |  7 Pages Media is not a new concept and has been in existence since spoken word. The evolution of media has changed greatly and is currently in the golden age of televised, printed, and internet based consumer interaction. These new forms of media allow near instant interaction with a channel’s staff of actors, anchors, jou rnalists, meteorologists, news experts, and models. Recently, news stations have been under intense scrutiny for their continued inadequate role in the advancement of women in the workforceRead MoreCyberbullying : A New Concept1666 Words   |  7 PagesBefore cyberbullying began happening, bullying was not a new concept. It was a thing that many children went through for most of their lives if not all of their lives. Ever since the internet has been introduced to the world, it has taken the game of bullying to a completely different level. The internet has given people all around the globe the advantage of putting on a â€Å"mask† and namelessly abhorring on other individuals for their own entertainment. Cyberbullying has negative effects on victimsRead MoreGlobalization Is Not A New Concept1465 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: In this rapidly changing world Globalization has become the way to describe changes in international economy and in world politics. Globalization is not a new concept. After world war II powerful countries tried to capture free market of developed and underdeveloped countries. That’s how that globalization starts. David Bigman says in his book called â€Å"Globalization and the Least Developed Countries: Potentials and Pitfalls† that Globalization has become one of the most emotional wordRead MoreRecycling Is Not A New Concept1196 Words   |  5 PagesBackground Over the past decade, concern about the environment has brought with it a massive increase in recycling in Australia and around the world. Recycling has become all the time more important part of our modern culture. Recycling is not a new concept. The practice of recycling has been around for thousands of years. The history of recycling started during the times of industrialization.During the time of production, massive waste materials come out. It will create the heavy loss. So from thatRead MoreThe New Concepts Of Expressionism1538 Words   |  7 Pagestraditional virtuosity and the rejection of minimalistic forms (Atkins 2013, 171) from the late 1960’s through to the early 90’s (Keylor 2007, 904). The new concepts of Expressionism was also inspired by Surrealist themes from the Modernist period as well as mythology, culture, history and the erotic (The Art Story, 2016). Two Australian artists who create a new perception of the Australian landscape by incorporating t hese techniques and ideas were Peter Booth and Brett Whiteley. Booth’s metamorphic PaintingRead MoreEnvironmentalism Is Not A New Concept Essay1809 Words   |  8 PagesEnvironmentalism is not a new concept. It is a social movement that aims to protect and improve the health of the environment. While humans have accepted this view of environmentalism for the Holocene epoch, political environmentalist Paul Wapner proposes a renewed definition of environmentalism that has emerged in the Anthropocene epoch. Wapner sees the Anthropocene as an epoch of human geological influence, where humans have inflicted a signature on the earth, leaving it â€Å"independent of human experience†Read MoreA New Concept For Sustainability1958 Words   |  8 Pages On April 15, 1998, passion for sustainability began when consultant Greg Header acquired Everlite Greenhouses. As an avid outdoorsman and a heart for innovation, Mr. Header was determined to seek a new concept for sustainability by renamed the company Solar Innovations, Inc. Staying true to its horticultural values; Solar Innovations is a manufacturer of residential and commercial sunrooms, greenhouses, and curtain wall systems. Made from aluminum, vinyl, and wood Solar Innovations has lead the

Chapter 12-15 History of Michigan Test Essays - 2054 Words

1.Michigan entered the railroad business in 1830. The states first working rail line (billed as the First Train West of the Alleghenies) ran from Lake Erie to what Michigan city? A) Lansing B) Port Huron C) Battle Creek D) Kalamazoo 2.During the years 1860-1890, Michigans commercial development was dominated by the sawing, harvesting, milling and marketing of timber. Michigan politicians (under the influence of the states Lumber Barons) fought hard to stop a bill that would have allowed Canadian lumber to enter the U.S. duty free. The lumber was desperately needed to rebuild a major American city after what terrible disaster? A) Johnstown Flood of 1889 (Pennsylvania) B) San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 (California) C) Great Chicago†¦show more content†¦A) TIME magazine B) Social Justice, a newsletter published by another Detroit anti-Semite, Father Charles E. Coughlin C) Fords own newspaper, the DEARBORN INDEPENDENT D) THE JEFFERSONIAN magazine, published by Thomas E. Watson, a Georgia politician and member of the Ku Klux Klan 12.Who is credited with driving the first gasoline-powered vehicle through the streets of Detroit in 1896? A) Henry Ford B) Ransom E. Olds C) Gottlieb Daimler D) Charles Brady King 13.What was one of the most lasting contributions that Henry Ford made to the automobile industry? A) windshield wipers B) carburetor C) left-hand drive D) electric starter 14.What Michigan city was the boyhood home for Thomas Alva Edison, one of Americas greatest inventors? A) Battle Creek B) Port Huron C) Mount Clemens D) Mount Pleasant 15.Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903 and in 1908, introduced the car that not only made him famous (and a multi-millionaire), but literally put the world on wheels. What was Fords car called? A) Model A B) Model N C) Model T D) Model K 16.Like European cathedrals in the Middle Ages, what structures inShow MoreRelatedThe Holy One of Israel in Isaiah3554 Words   |  15 Pages 26 times in Isaiah. The other six times in Jeremiah (50:29; 51:5), Ezekiel (39:7) and Psalms (71:22, 78:41, 89:18). It is hardly coincidence that in his vision in Chapter 6 Isaiah himself has heard the seraphim proclaiming â€Å"Holy, holy, holy is Almighty YHWH†, the whole book works out the implications of that vision. In chapters 1-12, and then 13-27, 28-39, 40-55 and at last 56-66, the message of this vision spreads in ever widening circles. Each part leads to the next, but each also relates to thatRead MoreCapstone Project Finance (Final Project)9400 Words   |  38 PagesCAPSTONE PROJECT Project Title: APPLICABLE FINANCIAL POLICIES CHANGES THAT CAN BE USED TO ENCOURAGING HOUSE AND HOME OWNERSHIP IN MICHIGAN Submitted by: Submitted to University MBA/MS Program [list one] Capstone Mentor: [name] For University Use Date Received: ______________________________________________ Reviewed by: _______________________________________________ Approved/Disapproved: ______________________________________________ Read MoreCreation and the Fall Essay1902 Words   |  8 PagesCreation and the Fall â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth†1 (Genesis 1:1). As we look back in history we can see many beginnings, but the beginning referred to in this verse is a beginning that defies understanding to the extreme. We see one of the most amazing creations in this world in a newly born child, yet that creation pails in comparison to that of the creation on the world. Look around you and imagine nothing. That’s the way in was before the Lord gave us theRead MoreGeneral Motors Company Swot Analysis1386 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral Motors Company designs, manufactures, and sells cars, trucks, and automotive parts. GM is headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and employs approximately 215,000 people globally (General Motors Company SWOT Analysis, 2016, p. 3). The organization is a multinational company with operations in North and South America, Europe, and Asia, primarily in China. GM’s North American product lines are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and GMC. Vehicles manufactured and sold in South America and Europe includeRead MoreEssay on Business Law Ch 5 Hw1772 Words   |  8 Pagesconstitution. What test will the court apply to the facts of this case to determine if this classification is constitutional? a. Minimal scrutiny | | b. Intermediate scrutiny | | c. Compelling interest scrutiny | | **d. Strict scrutiny | | | 8. In order to determine whether the City violated the KKKs constitutional rights, the court would apply the: **a. compelling government interest test | | b. beyond a reasonable doubt test. | | c. clear and convincing evidence test | | dRead MoreNationalism and Transnationalism in the Context of the European Union28567 Words   |  115 PagesNationalism and Transnationalism In the context of the European Union (†¦) History says, ‘Don t hope On this side of the grave.’ But then, once in a lifetime The longed-for tidal wave Of justice can rise up, And hope and history rhyme. So hope for a great sea-change On the far side of revenge. Believe that a further shore Is reachable from here. Believe in miracles And cures and healingRead MoreStrategy Management18281 Words   |  74 PagesDesigner: Matt Diamond Senior photo research coordinator: Jeremy Cheshareck Photo researcher: Allison Grimes Senior media project manager: Bruce Gin Cover design: MicroArts Pvt Limited (http://microarts.biz/) Interior design: Matt Diamond Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman Compositor: Laserwords Private Limited Printer: R. R. Donnelley Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rothaermel, Frank T. Strategic management : concepts cases / Frank T. Rothaermel. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-811273-7Read MoreRiordan Finance and Accounting4108 Words   |  17 PagesIndustries and provides its unique services worldwide in areas that include California, Georgia, Michigan and China. Riordan employs 550 people with revenues in excess of $1 billion and projected annual earnings of $46 million. In 1992, Dr. Riordan gained venture capital to purchase a fan manufacturing plant in Pontiac Michigan where Riordan Manufacturing was originally incorporated. Today the Michigan plant is the main manufacturer of custom plastic parts. By 1993 the company became a producer ofRead MoreIss 225 John Molloy Final Exam Study Guide Fall Semester 20128139 Words   |  33 Pageswill take its final on Monday, Dec. 10 from 7:45-9:45 a.m. Section 002 will take its test on Monday, Dec. 10 from 12:45 - 2:45 p.m. The classroom is not large enough to accommodate two large sections, so you must take the exam when it is scheduled by the university. The final will cover all reading assignments indicated on the course outline for Unit IV: all of Molloy book, Landmarks in Liberty; Chapter 6 in Politics, Power and Authority and lecture materials presented November 5th –DecemberRead MoreThe Tensile Of Tensile Test2141 Words   |  9 PagesThe tensile test is a standout amongst the most normally utilized tests for assessing materials. The tensile test is done just by grasping inverse finishes of test thing and applying elastic power with the machine. This outcomes in continuous stretching and consequent fracture in the test thing. During this procedure, power expansion information normally are checked and recorded. Malleable test measures properties like extreme rigidity and most extreme stretching specifically simultaneously, utilizing

Liberalism And Conservatism Are An Abstract Political...

Liberalism and conservatism are an abstract political ideology that is formed from evolving list of political attributes (Bruns Gimpel, 2000). While it may be difficult to create a comprehensive definition, Smith (1990) defined liberalism as individuals who are reformist, democratic, libertarian, humanitarian, egalitarian, and permissive. Conservative attributes focus on, â€Å"small state, minimal regulations, individual freedom and responsibility, patriotism, and strong law and order† (Dommett, 2015). When measuring trends in a variety of topics, Smith (1990) found that trends dealing with individualism and equal rights were mostly associated with liberal views, while trends on the topic of crime was mostly associated with conservatives. Bruns and Gimpel (2000) noted that Americans identification as either liberal or conservative was not entirely due to political knowledge, instead, their identification reflects the individual’s actual feelings towards particular gro ups and topics. Such findings (Smith, 1990; Bruns Gimpel, 2000; Dommett, 2015) on the topic of crime and individualism have recently been the subjects of debate throughout the presidential election. On June 16, 2015, Donald Trump began his Republican National Committee (GOP) presidential campaign with a speech labeling Mexican immigrants as rapists and criminals. Throughout the rest of his successful campaign, now president-elected, Trump continued to use such rhetoric towards Hispanics as one of the leadingShow MoreRelatedPopular political Ideologies in the 20th Century: A brief Study of popular 20th Century political trends.1367 Words   |  6 PagesPOLITICAL SCIENCE 101 Popular political Ideologies in the 20th Century A brief Study of popular 20th Century political trends. [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] â€Æ' Political ideologies (P.I) have existed since the dawn of human Civilization; they have been fought over, discreditedRead More‘Conservatism Favours Pragmatism over Principle.’ Discuss (45 Marks)972 Words   |  4 PagesConservatism, like many other political ideologies has many factions within it. Traditional conservatism, especially paternalistic conservatism very much favours a pragmatic approach. This is the belief that behaviour should be shaped in accordance with practical circumstances and goals rather than principles, beliefs or ideological objectives. However with the introduction of the liberal new right conservatism due to the conservative view of economic and social breakdown, things have started toRead MoreThe Election Of The Conservative Party Leadership1635 Words   |  7 Pages–Thatcherism- that marked British politics during her 11 years in command and managed to influence the future of England’s politics. However, the main point of disagreement and discussion has been what was really Thatcherism and Margaret Thatcher’s ideology that later gave birth to a new ‘ism’ in politics. The decades before Thatcher’s rise to power were dominated by post war Keynes’ interventionist economic policies and here is where Margaret Thatcher tried to initiate an ideological change withinRead MoreThe Intellectual Tradition Of Political Economy1692 Words   |  7 PagesCourse Date Intellectual Traditions in Political Economy i) In what significant ways does modern liberalism break from classical liberalism s conceptualization of the market? In your answer, be sure to focus on the principles of classical and modern liberalism, as well as key 20th-century intellectual developments in each tradition. The definitional conceptualization of the five premises of political economy underscores the differences classical and modern liberalism. These premises include human natureRead MoreWhat Organizations, Ideologies, and Leaders Did Africans Create and Engage in the 20th Century to Promote and Advance Their Liberation?1220 Words   |  5 PagesWhat organizations, ideologies, and leaders did Africans create and engage in the 20th century to promote and advance their liberation? [Abstract] The 20th century composed of many organizations ideologies and leaders helping to promote and advance liberation both in America and worldwide. These different entities worked to defy the social structure filled with aspects of conservatism and oppression and rather upheld the Africana sense of governance and encouraged socialism in terms of a moreRead MoreEdmond Burke Vs Rousseau1090 Words   |  5 Pagesmay appear to fall on opposite extremes of political ideology. Credited with having inspired the French Revolution, Rousseau is seen a proponent of liberalism. Denouncing the French revolution on the other hand Burke is seen a strong advocate of conservatism. As far removed from one another as these political ideologies may be, in some key areas, some of the fundamental elements constituting the building blocks of of Rousseau and Burke’s individual political thoughts are to a certain degree comparableRead MorePolitical Feminism And Marx s Theory Versus Liberalism2513 Words   |  11 Pages What role does liberalism play in socio-legal theory? How do the theories you’ve chosen address law’s liberalism? Natural law, Legal Feminism and Marx’s theory versus Liberalism. â€Æ' What role does liberalism play in socio-legal theory? Liberalism is a theory where the rule of law is based on principles of equality and freedom. The first principles for this theory came from the classical liberalism while the latter principles known are more obvious in social liberalism. The first liberals embracedRead More A Fascist America: How Close Are We? Essay2684 Words   |  11 Pages The idea that America is turning fascist has been popular on the Left for as long as I can remember: in the 1960s, when antiwar radicals raged against the Machine, this kind of hyperbole dominated campus political discourse and even made its way into the mainstream. When the radical Weather Underground went into ultra-Left meltdown and began issuing incoherent quot;communiquà ©squot; to an indifferent American public, they invariably signed off by declaring: quot;Death to the fascist insect pigRead More New Political Philosophy for Russia Essay3124 Words   |  13 PagesNew Political Philosophy for Russia ABSTRACT: Both domestic and foreign policies of each state presuppose a certain ideology as a foundation. In a broad sense, an ideology may be regarded as a certain system of coordinates, an interpretational model of the world (Weltanschauung) including both empirico-theoretical (realizing a nations place in regional and global contexts, with a clear understanding of national interests, goals and resources) and metatheoretical (comprehending a nation in theRead MoreTexas campaign Essay1942 Words   |  8 PagesRegional Support Because Texas is geographically large and diverse, it is made up of numerous distinct regions, each of which is characterized by diverse levels of wealth, types of economic activity, density of settlement, racial and ethnic mix, and political culture. East Texas and West Texas have a different feel from each other. And both of these are different from South Texas. Urban Texas, which is where a majority of the states population resides, is remarkably different - richer and with greater

Essay on Explaining Aggression - 606 Words

Explaining Aggression One of the achievements of social psychology has been in extending explanations of aggression and violence away from merely being reflections of the inner state of individuals There many ways of explaining aggressive behaviour in humans. Some theories view aggression as an important part of our evolutionary heritage , others as an imbalance in hormones or neurotransmitters in the brain. Early psychological theories of aggression explained aggressive behaviour as an automatic consequence of personal frustration. Social learning theories see the cause of our aggressive behaviour as†¦show more content†¦There are however, some methodological problems in Banduras study. Joseph said that the experiment only involves harm to an inflatable doll not a human being, therefore it is not a good example of aggression. Johnston found that children who behaved violently towards the doll were rated as more violent generally by teachers. Aggression is often described as antisocial behaviour but by observing adult aggressive behaviour being rewarded children may think this behaviour is acceptable and normative. Therefore it shows that social learning theory explain s that is more about learning behaviour rather than being a reflection of an individuals inner state. It also explains the findings which show that children who watch violent films are more likely to behave in an aggressive way. Social learning theory can account for cultural and individual variation; it can also explain why we behave aggressively in some situations and not others. When we are rewarded or reinforced for behaving aggressively this is related to specific situations, in other situations we may find this behaviour isnt rewarded. This is known as context dependent learning. In spite of the success of social learning theory, there are reasons for arguing that Banduras approach is limited and that aggressiveShow MoreRelatedThe Psychoanalytical Theory Of Aggression1297 Words   |  6 PagesAggression can be defined as a range of behaviours, which can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, others or an object in the environment. Baron and Richardson (1994) claim aggression is a form of anti-social behaviour, which shows a lack of emotional concern for the welfare of others. There are various explanations for the cause of aggression, one of them being the biological explanation. This theory focuses on aggression as an innate tendency involving the instinct theoryRead MoreFice Of National Statistics Crime Survey Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidering how these relate to explaining the extent of violent behaviour, namely grievous bodily harm. Psychosocial research on aggressive behaviours underpins much of what is believed about violence (Dollard et al., 1939; Berkowitz, 1962; Eron, 1987, 1990; Eron et al., 1971 cited in National R. C. 1993; 35.) It is poignant to note when discussing violence that ‘violence is aggression that has extreme harm as its goal. All violence is aggression, but many instances of aggression are not violent’ (AndersonRead MoreThe Journal Article : Elementary School Youth Essay943 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction The journal article Pathways To Aggression In Urban Elementary School Youth, studies and investigates the violence that is profound in the urban school district. The authors researched and examined the students to see if the violence from their environment was the cause of the children’s violence in school. Two hundred and fifty nine students were examined with the permission of parents to come to a conclusion. Nearly one hundred percent of the participants were exposed to at leastRead MoreAdolescent Violence And Its Effects On Adolescent Children833 Words   |  4 PagesEDHD430: Adolescent Violence, I learned a lot of relevant information about the causes of violence and aggression in adolescent children. One of the first things we learned was the distinction between violence and anger. While violence and aggression are interrelated concepts, there are not the same. Violence is defined as any behavior(s) intended to harm another person. Compared to aggression, which is defin ed as behavior(s) that result in harm to others. Dr. Marcus began the course with a presentationRead MoreEssay about Experiment Assignment 3 1 953 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿PSYC 101 – Experiment Assignment (40 pts) Students will carefully observe acts of aggression and prosocial behavior on television, report their observations, and analyze their data to draw conclusions. Watch 20 minutes of each of the three types of programs (do not code behavior in commercials). Record every aggressive act and prosocial act. Some categories will have several acts. Your chart and discussion will focus on comparing the following three types of programs you will watch: 1) children’sRead MoreThe Issue Of Raising An Aggressive Child Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesGetting Started My action plan will address the issue of raising an aggressive child. Childhood aggression can lead to adolescent aggression, followed by aggression and other problems in adulthood. How do parents teach their children to handle their aggression? Why is early detection of aggressive behavior so important? Does training at a young age really help stop the aggressive behavior in later years? According to a study that began in 1956, children who were found to be aggressive betweenRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Human Body1292 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Wieczorek’s article â€Å"The Role Of Aggression-Related Alcohol Expectancies in Explaining the Link between Alcohol and Violent Behavior† They state that, â€Å"As Lang (19) observes, expectations and tolerance of deviance in those under the influence of alcohol should increase the likelihood of a positive correlation between drinking and aggression† (Lening, Welte, and Wieczorek 466). They inform us that people who drink alcohol are likely to increase their aggression which may be triggered while the consumptionRead MoreExplain the Social Learning Theory1737 Words   |  7 Pagespre-tested the children for how aggressive they were by observing the children in the nursery and judged their aggressive behavior on four 5-point rating scales. It was then possible to match the children in each group so that they had similar levels of aggression in their everyday behavior. The experiment is therefore an example of a  matched pair’s design. To test the  inter-rater reliability  of the observers, 51 of the children were rated by two observers independently and their ratings compared. These ratingsRead MoreThe Effect of Sportsmanship and Motivation on Athletic Aggression1113 Words   |  5 Pagesathletic aggression. There we three preset propositions that they anticipated for their theory: (a) self-determined sport motivation will be positively predictive of sportspersonship orientations, (b) sportspersonship orientations will mediate the relationship between self-determined sport motivation and athletic aggression, and (c) sportspersonship orientations will impact athletic aggression in two distinctive ways. A positive relationship between sports orientation and instrumental aggression is expectedRead MoreResearch into Environmental Stressors on Aggressive Beh aviour887 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome passive. Temperature can play an important role with aggression, Baron and Bell did research involving the effects of heat on aggression by seeing how willing a participant would be to give electric shocks to another, they found that temperatures within the range of 92-95F generally increased the level of aggression. However when the temperatures became too extreme they found the levels of aggression decreased, in these conditions the participants were stressed

Women’s Health Preventative Care Free Essays

Women’s Health Care and Preventative Care In the United States, the cost of health care is on the rise and it is almost impossible to receive any health care service at an affordable rate. Whether insured or uninsured, women of all demographics are faced with this problem. Women should not put their health or life at risk because they fear receiving another medical bill. We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s Health Preventative Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the rising cost of health care and insurance, more women do not receive preventative medical treatment and are currently in debt. Often, women do not receive or delay receiving preventative health care due to the cost of treatment. â€Å"Learning about and practicing preventive healthcare, i. e. maintaining your body and good health throughout your entire lifetime, is properly the best method to prevent disease from happening in the first place† (World Research Foundation, n. d. ). Women require more preventative health care than men and some of these preventative services are not always fully covered by insurance such as mammograms or prenatal care. Prenatal care is not only important for the woman’s health, but also for the child’s health. Preventative health care can detect as well as prevent diseases. Early detection is sometimes the key to curing certain diseases. More women currently are in debt or have unpaid medical bills. The rising cost of health care combined with the current job market has left more women in debt (Robertson Collins, 2011). Health insurance providers do not always provide the coverage women need. In fact recent studies have shown â€Å"few plans offer maternity coverage and young women can face substantially higher premiums than men of the same age† (Robertson Collins, 2011). Although,† The Affordable Care Act is bringing change for women through required free coverage of preventive care services, small business tax credits, new affordable coverage options, and insurance market reforms, including bans on gender rating† the law will not be implemented until 2014 (Robertson Collins, 2011). Something needs to be done before then in order to cut down on debt from unpaid medical bills. The federal as well as the state government should implement more programs that offer preventative care at income based rates. There should also be more programs directed at lowering medical bill debt. A debt acquired by a medical bill should not affect a person’s credit. More insurance companies should provide age and gender specific plans at affordable rates, in order to ensure everyone receives the proper healthcare needed. Although, some of these solutions may have to be funded with higher taxes or budget cuts, these programs would definitely have a large impact on the amount of women who receive preventative care. Preventative care is a necessity in ensuring healthy living for women. Receiving preventative care is a cost effective way to save lives by treating and diagnosing diseases and conditions early. Insured and uninsured women should be able to receive preventative care without worrying about how and if they will pay the medical bill. Although women’s health care cost is a rising issue in the U. S, there are cost effective solutions to alleviate this problem. References Robertson, R. , Collins, S. R. (2011) Realizing Health Reforms Potential. Retrieved fromhttp://www. commonwealthfund. org/~/media/Files/Publications/Issue%20Brief/2011/May /1502_Robertson_women_at_risk_reform_brief_v3. pdf World Research Foundation. (n. d. ) Preventive Health Care Helps Everyone. Sedona, AZ: WorldResearch Foundation. Retrieved July 15, 2012 from http://www. wrf. org/preventive-healthcare/preventive-healthcare. php How to cite Women’s Health Preventative Care, Essay examples

Jack Kevorkian and Euthanasia Essay Example For Students

Jack Kevorkian and Euthanasia Essay Euthanasia The thin line between life and death has become an ethical issue many health care providers and the government have long tried to ignore. The understanding that life begins at birth, and ends when the heartbeat and breathing have ceased has long been deemed factual. Medical technologies have changed this with respirators, artificial defibrillators, and transplants (Macionis, 2009). â€Å"Thus medical and legal experts in the United States define death as an irreversible state involving no response to stimulation, no movement or breathing, no reflexes, and no indication of brain activity† (Macionis, 2009, p. 36). The process of deciding when a terminally ill patient should die lies within the patient, family members, and the medical staff. Patients who are terminally ill have the right to refuse treatment and nourishment at the time of the illness, or for the future through a living will. The right to not be resuscitated or use any extraordinary measures to prolong l ife also lies within their rights. The dilemma being faced by patients, medical personnel, and the government is whether or not someone has the â€Å"right to die. A patient has the right to refuse treatment to prolong their life, but do they have the right to choose to end their life at their discretion is the question (Macionis, 2009). Euthanasia, also called â€Å"mercy killing,† dated back to 1869, is the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy (Merriam-Webster, 2010). Euthanasia is an ethical dilemma because it is both an act of kindness and an act of harm. The desire to have euthanasia legalized varies from doctor to doctor, while some want to help end their patients inevitable misery, others state they became a doctor to prolong life not to end it (Stolberg, 1998). There are many forms of euthanasia, including oral medication overdose, lethal injection, and palliative sedation. Although Oregon have legally assisted suicides according to their state laws, in 1997, The U. S. Supreme Court decided under the constitution a patient does not have the right to die (Macionis, 2009). Euthanasia relates to the sociological paradigm of conflict theory. The basic definition of conflict theory is groups competing for scarce resources. Marx said the key element to human history is class conflict. A small group controls the means of production and exploits those not in control. It is considered the framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. People in positions of authority try to enforce conformity, resulting in resentment and resistance. This leads to the constant struggle to determine who has the authority (Macionis, 2009). In Euthanasia, the government is in the position of authority; they are trying to enforce conformity among physicians. They want all physicians to abide by the law of assisted suicide being deemed illegal. The result is resentment by the patients with the terminal illness by being refused what they feel is their â€Å"right to die. † There is also resistance of some physicians to follow the laws that have been enforced due to their personal beliefs on the matter. Conflict theory shows the constant struggle between the government and patients, as well as physician and patients at who has the right to make that call. Patients have to fight a double battle; first, with the government to make it legal, and secondly, with the doctors by convincing them to follow through with the process. It ignores the shared belief among some patients, and possibly puts the fear in the government that with the legalization of assisted suicide that they are giving physicians and patients an overabundance of interdependence, and power in the concern of doctors being able to choose who lives and dies in these situations (Macionis, 2009). Dr. Jack Kevorkian – a k a â€Å"Doctor Death† for helping chronically ill and terminally ill patients commit suicide – has emerged from prison as deluded and unrepentant as ever. Brushing aside criticism by other supporters of medically assisted suicide that his tactics were reckless and harmful to their cause, Dr. Kevorkian asserted: â€Å"I did it right. I didn’t care what they did or didn’t do. When I’m going to do it, I’m going to do it right. (The New York Times, 2007, p. A. 22) The irony in Dr. Kevorkian’s work is he did it wrong, and by performing the assisted suicides so badly he in turn defiled the movement he hoped to einforce. His work showed how much critically ill patients do suffer, and that there is a need for sane and humane laws for assisted suicide. Dr. Kevorkian was first brought into national attention in 1990 when he hooked a 54 year old woman to a homemade suicide device and watched as she pushed the button t o release the lethal drugs. Nine years later, he was jailed claiming to have assisted in the death of more than 130 terminally or chronically ill patients. The downfall for Kevorkian was his ego and appetite for publicity and fame. He gave a 52 year old man with Lou Gehrig’s disease lethal injections to end his life, which moved him beyond assisted suicide to euthanasia. Kevorkian wanted prosecutors to indict him, hoping the trial would cause society to argue his case. However, the judge blocked testimony from family members who supported the death and disallowed evidence about the patients suffering and the consent was deemed irrelevant. He was found guilty of second-degree murder (The New York Times, 2007, para. 7). The fundamental flow in Dr. Kevorkian’s crusade was his cavalier, indeed reckless, approach. He was happy to hook up patients without long-term knowledge of their cases or any corroborating medical judgment that they were terminally ill or suffering beyond hope of relief with aggressive palliative care. This was hardly â€Å"doing it right† as Dr. Kevorkian likes to believe. (The New York Times, 2007, para. 6) By contrast, Oregon being the only law allowing terminally ill adults to request a lethal dose of drugs from a physician requires two physicians to agree the patient is of sound mind and has less than six months to live. California is in the works of voting on a similarly careful measure. One of its sponsors cites Dr. Kevorkian as â€Å"the perfect reason we need this law in California. We don’t want there to be more Dr. Kevorkians† (The New York Times, 2007). † Dr. Kevorkian’s assisted suicides and euthanasia is an example of structural functionalism Structural functionalism is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. A social function is the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole. Types of social functions are manifest function, latent function and dysfunctions. Manifest function is the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern. Latent function is the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern. Dysfunctions are any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society (Macionis, 2009). Kevorkian’s situation is a form of manifest function in the aspect that he did illegal acts, which in turn caused him to be arrested and convicted of the crime. It is also a dysfunction, due to the harmful consequences of his reckless behavior. By working against the social structure set forth for him and doing things his way, he pushed back the idea of assisted suicide deeming it wrong and unethical due to his encounters. Death is a function all on its own and falls into the three types of social functions. Death is a Manifest function in regards to euthanasia because it is intended by the patient to die. It is a latent function for society and for the family of the patient. Both the aspect of society where death is an inevitable and required thing to keep populations under control, someone who has a chronic or deadly illness is enabling the natural process through euthanasia. It is unintended in regards of the family not expecting it to occur. It is also a dysfunction for the family, because it disrupts their lives and changes them forever. Media Too Powerful? EssayStevens argues that doctors should not assist in suicides because to do so is incompatible with the doctor’s role as healer. â€Å"I went into medicine to help people,† he said. â€Å"I didn’t go into medicine to give people a prescription for them to die† (Schwartz Estrin, 2004, para 25). Dr. Stevens heads an organization, Physicians for Compassionate Care, which opposes assisted suicide and the Oregon law. Members of his group, he said, tend to be â€Å"people of faith,† who believe that assisted suicide violates their religious principles. But they base their opposition to the law on moral and ethical grounds, arguing that it leads down a slippery slope toward euthanasia and patient abuses. He recalled the struggle of his wife, who died of cancer in 1982. In the weeks before she died, he said, her doctor offered her an â€Å"extra-large prescription† for painkillers. â€Å"As I helped her into the car, she said, ‘He wants me to kill myself,’† Dr. Stevens recalled. â€Å"It just devastated her that her doctor, her trusted doctor, subtly suggested that. † (Schwartz Estrin, 2004, para. 24-26) Doctors have long made lethal doses of drugs available to patients inclined to end their struggle against disease, said Eli Sututsman, president of the board of the Death With Dignity National Center. â€Å"We took something that was already happening, and we wrote a law around it,† he said (Schwartz Estrin, 2004, para 36). Opponents had argued that Oregon would become a magnet for people seeking suicide, so the law’s provisions were restricted to the state’s residents. The law also sets a high barrier to getting the life-ending medications, giving patients the chance to change their mind up to the last moment. A patient must make two oral requests for the drugs and one written request after a 15-day waiting period. Two doctors must determine that the patient has less than six months to live, a doctor must decide that the patient is capable of making independent decisions about health care and the doctor has to describe to the patient alternatives like hospice care (Schwartz Estrin, 2004). The law also requires that the drugs be self-administered by the patient, rather than given by a doctor or family member, to avoid involuntary euthanasia. The death certificate, under law, must state the cause of death as the underlying disease, not suicide (Schwartz Estrin, 2004). That provision pleases Mr. James. â€Å"I don’t like the word ‘suicide,’† he said, because â€Å"if I’m really on a path, the natural path† toward death, and â€Å"just hastening it a little bit, I don’t call that suicide† (Schwartz Estrin, 2004, para 38). The Oregon law is an example of Structural Functionalism. Individuals evaluate their own conduct by comparing themselves with others, such as with the legislation of the law getting passed (Macionis, 2009). By hearing stories of patients suffering with these horrendous illness, they were able to put themselves into the patient’s shoes and understand their need for such a law (Schwartz Estrin, 2004). â€Å"As we interact with others, we constantly adjust our views of who we are based on how we interpret the reactions of others† (Macionis, 2009). Many doctors that were opposed to the law in Oregon have changed their minds to their interactions with patients (Schwartz Estrin, 2004). This is a positive example of Symbolic Interaction. It is helping physicians and medical personnel get into the patients mind and understand a little more of what they are experiencing. This should be a prime example for the government that this needs to be a nationwide law, not just in the state of Oregon. Not only is Oregon permitting patient assisted suicide, they are doing so in a manner that is structured and regulated. The sociological theories play a great role in the health field. Structural functionalism for example has both social structure and social function. The social structure would be the everyday duties of an individual in healthcare, the social function would be the disruption of the social pattern such as with euthanasia as I discussed above. It deals with manifest function, with the intended consequence (Macionis, 2009). For example, you take your antibiotics you get better. Latent function relates to healthcare where by treating illness individuals have discovered new cures and ways to do so. It is also a dysfunction when you have corrupt people working in healthcare, such as a doctor writing narcotic prescriptions when the patient should not have them or it is not time for a refill. Symbolic interaction relates to healthcare in the sense that it is a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of everyday individuals (Macionis, 2009). Healthcare workers interact with patients every day. They also compare themselves with others, by putting themselves in the patient’s shoes in some situations. Conflict theory simply defined is groups competing for scarce resources (Macionis, 2009). With the economy in the state it is, many are competing for jobs which come with healthcare benefits. Health insurance is becoming scarce for some, and in situations where it is available an individual may not be able to afford it. Sociology is an important class because it explains how people interact as groups in society. This can lead to understanding and acceptance of different cultures. It is important to learn about things such as social interaction, culture, and media and influence because the information and understanding gained can positively impact public policies. It invites us to examine aspects of the social environment that we often ignore, neglect, or take for granted. References Humphry, D. , Clement, M. (1998). Freedom To Die. New York, New York, USA: St. Martins Press. Macionis, J. M. (2009). Society the Basics. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Merriam-Webster. (2010). Retrieved July 10, 2010, from Merriam-Webster OnLine: www. merriam-webster. com Schwartz, J. , Estrin, J. (2004, June 1). In Oregon, Choosing Death Over Suffering. The New York Times , F. 1. New York, NY. Stolberg, S. G. (1998, April 23). The New York Times. Assisted Suicides Are Rare, Survey of Doctors Finds . New York, N. Y. The New York Times. (2007, June 5). Dr. Kevorkians Wrong Way. New York Times , A. 22. New York, N. Y, USA.