SAPP week 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SAPP week 2 - Assignment Example Dennis accepts the gift to show he appreciates the understanding. On the next scene, Dennis is waiting in the rain for David (Cusack), the man with the UV protection. It is evident that Dennis has started to like Cusack. Later, Cusack gives Dennis a second visit where he brings him a pair of antiglare glasses. He explains that the glasses helps cut down the glare in Dennis’ ongoing battle with the sun. Dennis is delightful of the gift. The next scene shows Cusack and Dennis playing with a ball where Dennis is still in the box but not fully covered as usual. Cusack throws the ball at a short distance such that Dennis has to get out of the box to reach out for the ball (Boy In a Box, 2010). Cusack uses an understanding form of communication, where he takes in what Dennis tells him as if he knows what he means. He doesn’t disapprove what Dennis claims even if it is not true or real. Cusack uses empathic communication to bond with Dennis, showing him how much he understand what he goes through. He uses the gifts to show empathy to Dennis. Also, his facial expressions while talking with Dennis shows a deep understanding and concern. For example, when Dennis gets out of the box for the first time, he shows a delightful facial expression to show how happy he is to see Dennis. In the article ‘the juggler’s brain,’ Carr explains the main benefits and drawbacks of using the internet. He mainly focuses on the disadvantages rather than the benefits. The internet provides us with instant access to a wide library of information; it enables the ease of sorting through the libraries to get what we are searching for or similar to it. However, it also diminishes our ability to learn in depth, subjects for ourselves, to develop within our thoughts (Carr, 2010). First, I understand that reading hypertext document minimizes general comprehension.

Google Monopoly Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Google Monopoly - Term Paper Example It delivers the world’s top search engine, the most popular mobile operating system and the best advertising platform in the world† (Reisinger 2010). As the company’s popularity continued to spread, Google was able to acquire other companies, which only served to continue its explosive growth. As it has been reported, Google acquired several small companies to develop products for itself. In 2007, YouTube, an online video site, was acquired†¦ Several other acquired companies include Keyhole Inc. (Earth Viewer, later developed into Google Earth), Adaptive Path (weblog statistics application), JotSpot (wiki developer technology for collaborative websites), DoubleClick, and Postini (enterprise message security and compliance). (Gudimallan, 2009). Google is very popular indeed. Any company who desires to overthrow the reign of Google will have a hard time succeeding. For this reason it is easy to assume at first glance that Google is a monopoly. It is likely that when most people think of searching for something online, they think of Google first. The company has become somewhat of a gateway to the rest of the internet. Businesses that want to be successful online work hard to improve their ranking in Google’s search results. However, in order to determine with accuracy rather or not Google is indeed a monopoly the company must be viewed from the perspective of the law. The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was enacted to protect trade from those who would dominate it. Having a monopoly can be a bad thing for society. Laws were established to make them illegal. There are instances in which having a monopoly can be legal, however, the focus of this paper is not to call for condemnation of Google Inc. The company has clearly done a lot of good for society. Yet, the company is a very powerful one and the possibility that it holds a monopoly, at least in some area, is

Vigenère Cipher C Program

Vigenà ¨re Cipher C Program Write a C program to implement a Vigenà ¨re cipher. You may use whatever IDE you wish but the program must be compile with the standard gcc compiler. Your program should give the user the option to either encrypt or decrypt a message. The user should be prompted to enter the passphrase to be entered and the keyword to be used in the cipher. The output should be text printed to stdout. Comments should be used to explain the rationale behind the design of your code. You must also provide a critical analysis as to the robustness of the Vigenà ¨re cipher and provide a recommendation as to whether or not it would be it would be sufficient for use in communications between colleagues within a non-technical environment. C Programme /* Vigener Ciper*/ /*This is the program to Encrypt and to Decrypt the text using the Vigener ciper method*/ /* User has to choose the option either to Encrypt or to Decrypt */ /*The user has to enter the text to be Encrypted and the Key to*/ /*The user has to enter the Encrypted Text and Key to Decrypt the text*/ #include #include main() { int select;// variable declairation int i,j; char passphrase[256]; char keyword[33]; int value; while(1)// infinite loop { printf(n1.Encrypt n);// Display options for the user printf(2.Decryptn);// Encrypt or Decrypt scanf(%d,select);// read the option selected if (select == 1) { printf(Please Enter Message to be encryptedn);//text to be encrypted scanf(%s,passphrase); printf(Please Enter keywordn); // key word scanf(%s,keyword); for(i=0,j=0;i { if(j>=strlen(keyword))// repeat the key word { j=0; } value = (((passphrase[i])-97)+((keyword[j])-97)); //logic (passphrase+key)%26 printf(%c, 97+ (value %26)); // display Encrypted text } } else if (select == 2) { printf(Please Enter Encrypted Message to be Decryptedn); //text to be decrypted scanf(%s,passphrase); printf(Please Enter keyn);//key scanf(%s,keyword); for(i=0,j=0;i { if(j>=strlen(keyword)) { j=0;// repeate the key } value = ((passphrase[i])-96)-(keyword[j]-96); //logic (passphrase-key)%26 if( value { value = value * -1; //make the value positive } printf(%c,97 + (value % 26)); // display dencrypted message } } else printf(Please Choose a correct optionn); } } Introduction The c-program gives the user to choose either to encrypt or to decrypt a message. The user will be prompted to enter the passphrase to be entered and the keyword to be used in the cipher. Vigenere cipher is a form of polyalphabetic substitution cipher which is used for encrypting a plain text. Vigenere cipher can be explained by Caesar cipher method of encryption. In a Caesar cipher encryption method, every letter of the plain text is shifted to some number of places where as in vigenere cipher every letter is shifted with different shift values. Method of Encrypting and Decrypting The logic to obtain the cipher text by vigener cipher is by modular addition of plaintext and repeating keyword. The formula for the encryption is as follows C(i) = T(i) + K(i) (mod 26) C(i) i-th letter of the cipher text T(i) i- th letter of the plain text K(i) i-th letter of keyword (Key word will be repeated at its end) Similarly, the logic to decrypt the message is by modular subtraction of Encrypted text and keyword The formula for the decryption is T(i) = C(i) K(i) (mod 26) C(i) i-th letter of the cipher text T(i) i- th letter of the plain text K(i) i-th letter of keyword (Key word will be repeated at its end) The flow of the c- program is explained by the bellow flowchart Flow chart for the C-program 1. Encryption Flow chart for Decryption Function Robustness of the vigenere cipher When the Vigener cipher was first invented and came into use, it was difficult to break as it uses 26 different cipher alphabet. Vigenere cipher is a polyalphabetic cipher and these kinds of ciphers are difficult to decipher because of their resistance to letter frequency analysis and the same text will not be encrypted with same key each time. In the year 1854 a British cryptographer Charles Babbage found the method to decipher the message. The vulnerability for vigenere cipher is repetition of key When a word in plain text repeats it gives the hint to guess the length of the key Once the length of the key is found it is easy to crack the vigenere cipher The above example illustrates how the vigener cipher can be cracked. The plain text used in this is maths is short for mathematics and keyword used is key. Since the plain text contains the word math twice, cipher text also contains the same encrypted text WERR twice with 15 letters apart. Now it can be guessed that keyword must be a factor of 15. 1,3,5,15 are the factors, if it is 1 then it is simple caesar cipher , key word cant be of 15 letter in this case, between 3 and 5 it can be found easily by closely analyzing the ciphertext. Recommendation Considering the colleges within the non-technical environment Vigenere cipher can be recommended because, As the vigener cipher is difficult to break since it uses 26 different cipher alphabets. The method of encryption is difficult to understand by non-technical people. Without the key, it is difficult to decrypt the message Conclusion Vigener cipher is implemented by using the c-program and the flow of the program is explained with the help of flow chart. Vigener cipher is critically analyzed and its robustness is explained. Recommendations are made on use of this method for the communication between colleges in non-technical environment.      Ã‚   Reference http://crypto.interactive-maths.com/kasiski-analysis-breaking-the-code.html

The Reproduction of Rabbits :: essays research papers fc

Rabbits are one of the oldest known animals to exist. Rabbits appear in so many places in our history. In fact, these animals are so old that geologists have proved them to date back 30 or 40 million years. Perhaps, the most well known on appearance in history is the legend of the Easter Bunny. This legend is so well known and so well loved by children everywhere, that it is safe to say that the rabbit is a considerably important part of our history. This fact alone proves that the rabbit deserves our attention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rabbit is well known throughout the history of mankind. The Romans, at one time, thought that rabbit meat contributed to the beauty of Roman women. Fortunately they were correct. French monks of the middle ages also raised rabbits as meat for food and their fur for their robes. Both of these cultures enjoyed eating the unborn rabbit. Early Norman raiders introduced rabbits to England. Here, they were first caught with rabbits, and then, as rabbit hunting became a sport, they were hunted by ladies with bows and arrows and dogs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are also many artifacts in history that include the rabbit. For example, a sphinx in Turkey, built in 1500 B.C., has been standing on the figures of two rabbits for about 3500 years. There are numerous superstitions and legends pertaining to rabbits. The Emperor of the Balearic Islands, Hadarian, appears on coins of that era along with the rabbit. There is no doubt that rabbits are important to our history and deserve our attention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is hard to say where the rabbit was originally domesticated because there are so many accounts of this occurrence in so many countries, but it is generally accepted that the Phoenicians (traders from Spain) must receive credit for spreading the domestic rabbit throughout the world. There has also been much debate as to what order the rabbit should belong to. It seems that rabbits have cause much confusion for mankind throughout history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rabbits were once placed in the order of Rodentia. However, scientists soon noted that rabbits had many anatomical differences from rodents. The largest and most significant one being tooth structure. Rabbits were then given their own order. This is the order of Lagomorpha. This order is further divided into two smaller groups. They are Leporidae, which is made up of rabbits and hares, and Ochotonidae, containing only the small rock rabbit, the pika.

Advertising Objectives Essay

Furthermore, Budweiser’s mission is to pursue a long-term growth strategy by pursuing high consumption markets and attaining a firm market share among competitors. Budweiser has a strong brand name domestically, but for this particular region it will need to implement a penetration strategy. Also, Budweiser will focus on securing valuable distribution channels including pubs and supermarkets. The product positioning strategy reflects competitive pricing and product differentiation. Inherently, the product reflects cultural values of the target country, with attributes such as caffeine and local flavors that represent regional preferences. The brand may potentially increase market share via acquisition of equity investment. Tactical Details Product Various product attributes will be localized to appeal to consumer tastes such as a diet/lighter version beer with caffeine. Offering smaller glass bottles, which align with European consumption volume trends, will differentiate product packaging. The beer base content will be standardized but with local flavors based on market research. Also, based on potential research findings there is a possible product extension for an â€Å"all-natural† beer within the Austrian market. Additionally, products will be available in mini kegs to support the younger market segment behavioral characteristics. Advertising Implementing TV, Radio, Direct mail, Print ads, and Internet will be necessary to keep up with competitive advertising within this region. Messaging will focus on initially creating awareness. Ultimately, message strategies will portray a global brand through localized messaging. Internet advertising will be highly influential for the demographic market segment. Advertising will include viral ads, flash advertisements, and promotional incentives and incorporate sites such as MySpace and blogs (for the younger generation). Furthermore, sponsorship from popular celebrities or musicians for events and products will appeal to the target market. Personal Selling Face to face education via account executives with clubs/pubs will be imperitive to create awareness and motivate front-line distributors. Additionally, face-to-face points of contact in grocery stores and super/hypermarkets will be important in order to impact this a vast portion of purchases. These tasks will be contracted out to a local sales force that understands the culture, industry and competitive environment. Routine follow-ups and frequent interactions will be emphasized in order to maintain strong distributor relationships. Sales Promotion Incentives will be offered to club owners, super markets and so forth that will be based on volume discounts. A sales contest will also be commenced across the club/pub segment and the supermarket segment to increase purchases, emphasize product push through distribution channels and create awareness for caffeinated beer. Sub-brand specific websites will offer promotional incentives as well (BOGO, etc). Sleek, appealing point of purchase displays will be exhibited in supermarkets. Promotional partnerships with record a company, such as free iTunes downloads with purchase will be implemented to appeal to youthful market. Distribution Distribution will primarily focus on clubs/pubs, closely following the Red Bull distribution model and its flourishing success within this region. Distribution will also be emphasized in super and hypermarkets. Price Policy Pricing will remain competitive, but not premium. Also, based on market research, pricing will reflect that of energy drinks. Product differentiation and promotional efforts will not focus on price, but instead aim to increase purchasing through incentives such as volume discounts. Research A partnership with an experienced European market research agency (i. e. EURO, RSCG) will be imperative to monitoring quality perception and target market acceptance. Research will closely examine brand recognition development over time. Data mining from distributors to track trends will also be influential in understanding consumption behaviors. Research will also be needed in evaluating the possibility of launching a more mainstream bud beer. Finally, based upon success within Austria, further research into surrounding countries will be necessary.

Modern Art Essay

The Post-Industrial Era in which we live in now is characterized by the extraordinary rate in development of technology. In sixty years we have managed to completely redesign every aspect of our lives in a way in which we allow technology to do most of the work. Whether we like it or not technology will keep evolving, and as it evolves it will impact aspects of society differently. The evolution of technology has had a very negative impact on artistic values in society and in aesthetics. In his essay â€Å"The Art of Collecting Lightbulbs,† Kimmelman exposes characteristics and qualities contained in art making. As Richard Restak explains in his essay â€Å"Attention Deficit: The Brain syndrome of Our Era,† Technology serves not only as an ally but also as a distraction from our daily activities. As a distraction it also serves as an escape from peoples daily routines, a place formerly occupied by art. Technology also facilitates the process of critical thinking and inhibits creative imagination, this turns out to be gravely detrimental to artistic development. As Technology distracts more people it will take away from the small group of people who are actually passionate about art. Technology now provides an escape from reality to those who need it. This niche was formerly occupied by art. Before Post-Industrial times people would rely on art to release their thoughts, whether it was on a canvas or a sheet of music. Modernly it is much easier to watch TV, play video games, or browse the web, than to set up a canvas to paint. The ease that technology brings with it makes our brains lazy. More often than not we chose to do those activities, which require less energy. This generally wouldn’t be a problem if the issue was choosing the elevator over the stairs, but when it begins influencing the activities we chose to do as a pastime, energy/thought intensive activities, such as art, will suffer. As stated by Restak, â€Å" In our contemporary society speed is the standard applied to almost everything that we do.†(339) This turns out to be very true when analyzed using a quote by David Shenk used by Restak. â€Å" We often feel life going by much faster than we wish, as we are carried forward from meeting to meeting, call to call, errand to errand. We have less time to ourselves and we are expected to improve our performance and output year after year.†(337) With this type of pressure we are not to blame for wanting to take the easy way out, but technology is. As we find lest time for ourselves, we find less time to release our, already hindered, creative thoughts in the form of art. Undoubtedly, if the dentist from Kimmelman’s essay lived in today’s world he would not have half of the time he had in his days to collect light bulbs. That is because I took an extraordinary deal of dedication, and most importantly, attention for him to collect over 75,000 light bulbs (217). Before it affects the time that we actually have to conduct artistic activities, technology already thwarts our ability to think creatively. As Restak quotes â€Å"The clutter, noise, and constant barrage of information that surround us daily contribute to the hectic pace of our modern lives, in which it is often difficult simply to remain mindful in the moment† (336). Being flooded with imagery, sound and text messages, our brain has to divide its attention to respond to all of these simultaneously. â€Å"Our brain literally changes its organization and functioning to accommodate the abundance of stimulation forced on it by the modern world† (Restak 332). So that even if we do have time for art our mind is divided and not able to think creatively. Hugh Alfred Hicks shares a story with Michael Kimmelman in which he was in Paris at a metro station and spotted a tungsten light bulb from the 1920s and took it for his collection (Kimmelman 217). It would be much more difficult for him to spot the same light bulb in a metro station in Paris today, as he would be bombarded by images, live changing screens with times, and advertising. His thoughts about his collection would likely the last thoughts in his mind. Creative thinking is on a downhill spiral. With the Internet we don’t have to wonder about anything anymore. Long gone are the days where we would have to imagine what the Great Wall of China looks like. We no longer have to yearn for answers with passion and fulfill a newly carved void in our minds; all we have to do now is Google images: â€Å"Great Wall of China.† This instant gratification (although convenient) overwhelms our ability to imagine. Our brains are lazy and after years of instantly answering our own questions, we become unable to create pictures in our head. This turns out to be harmful to creating art, as the first ingredient for art making is creativity. Not only is creative thinking decreasing due to technology, so is the actual population of artists. Not modern artists (as in graphic designers etc.) but classical artists. Technology provides us a virtual reality in which classical art is not involved. Although this is seen by most as the evolution of art, it is actually the demise of classical art. The wonderment of impressionist or French realist art has become a rarity. In the modern world we have not time or enough attention span to concentrate on such elaborate pieces. This is partly due to a phenomenon described by Restak, â€Å"The most widespread consequential speed-up of our time is the onrush in images- the speed at which they zip through the world, the speed at which they give way to more of the same, the tempo at which they move†(339). This seemingly never ending onrush of imagery takes away from our ability to sit still and analyze one single image. Since we are accustomed to quick changes in images and visual stimuli, we lack the patience to appreciate classical art pieces. A quote used by Restak of Blaise Pascal provides a good illustration of why this art is on the decline. â€Å"Most of the evils in life arise from a man’s being unable to sit still in a room†(334). As if we weren’t already disperse with all the technology that we carry around, being worried about our texts and tweets, our thoughts are also dispersed, this allows only for quick less elaborate imagery to get through to us. Since our brains are lazy and take the path of least resistance, most classical forms of Art cannot fill that niche. There are very few people left who can actually appreciate 40 minute long Mozart concertos. The radio now plays 4 minute longs songs and actually speeds them up so that they are shorter. Restak explains that our lack of attention has actually become somewhat normal. â€Å"Many personality characteristics we formerly labeled as dysfunctional, such as hyperactivity, impulsiveness and easy distractibility, are now almost norm†(335). In a world where these attributes are norm there is no room for overly detailed portraits or grand escalating music pieces. Our brains are rewired for instant gratification, a gratification seldom found in classical art. As technology helps our society advance to create a more highly efficient less wasteful machine, we can expect leisurely activities to suffer, mainly art. Technology makes it so that we are in more than two places at once whether we like it or not. This creates a split of thoughts in our brains. We try but are unable to, process two tasks at once. Our brains are pushed to jump back and forth between two or more different sections, which handle different parts of our thought process. While all of this is going on, the last thought in our brains is art. As we devote more and more time to our gadgets and videogames, we devote less time to creating and appreciating art.

Financial Public Relation Essay Example

Financial Public Relation Essay Example Financial Public Relation Essay Financial Public Relation Essay Financial Public Relations What is Financial PR? Simply put, communicating with the financial public is known as financial public relations. But, then, if all publics are equal in the eyes of PR, how do some publics come to gain special importance with the same PR? In fact, these special publics are quite sizeable in number and form dominant groups in the domain of financial public relations. They matter more to the organization although no PR and management can ignore any public, and effective communication with all of them is essential for the existence of the organization itself. In general, the financial public, who are of immediate concern to the organization, comprise the following: i) the registered shareholders; i) the investing community including potential shareholders with available funds for spending or saving; iii) the direct financial community consisting of banks and financial institutions, stockbrokers, and a variety of key players in the global money market, individual or institutional; iv) the financial and economic press in particular should include a large number of newspapers, trade journals other publications and the electronic media in general, who evince interest in economics and finance; and v) the audience in the market scenario comprising the business community, politician, customers, employees, and on specific occasions, the general public. Rol e of Financial PR : The role and importance of corporate and financial public relations has come for revaluation against the backdrop of intense communication activity in the financial sector. A sense of vision, objectives, values, styles and appreciation of its own role are the guiding factors for the PR in the centre stage. PR has several avenues of exposure and success to perform its role in the widening canvas of financial public relations. A few examples: i) Assist the company in achieving the corporate objectives. One of the most important considerations for any company is to look after the interests of its shareholders. (There are many companies which do not even respond to their shareholders’ enquiries. One can imagine the plight of their customer). i) Effective communication can play a crucial role in creating investor awareness. It can give a boost to the share price provided the campaign is backed by good performance thereby encouraging business development. iii) The host of communicat ion tools at the command of PR are essential to any company going public whether in the private or in the public sectors. PR communication, in good and effective form, can provide the opportunities to deliver correct messages to all those involved in the evaluation of the financial performance of a company. iv) In the overall communication activities, it would be necessary to identify the status and role of PR in the financial management of the enterprise. Here, the top management would be required to acknowledge the role PR can play in the realms of raising of capital, tackling capital resources and ensuring business development on a continuous basis. v) PR has to be adept in the management of change in the context of the challenges and opportunities of PR tools and methods in the fast changing financial services. vi) In its own professional interest of business as a whole, PR must come to full grips with business finance. In fact, many PR persons have been ruined by financial illiteracy while dealing with the financial media. The financial picture of the company should be crystal clear to PR persons and they will be expected to understand key financial statement. Primarily, any PR person involved in financial communication should possess the accountancy concepts and accounting language, and acquire the basic knowledge of important accounting terms. Some of them are: Structure of Balance Sheet and Profit Loss Account. Return on capital employed and return on shareholders’ capital. Gross Profit, net profit and taxation issues. Control of working capital and liquidity. Cost concept. Depreciation expenses. Investment and Dividend. Market Capitalization, debt and equity. Profitability index. Budgets and plans. Key strategies and operating concepts. The Press The Press will continue to play an ever- increasing role as a means of communication by companies to various categories of investors and the financial public. The press activity helps the shareholders, potential investors and analysts to maintain a record and understand the performance of the company on the financial front. Media Relations An effective media relations programme aimed at creating a suitable environment for sustained and honest relationship between the company and the media is an essential requirement for the success of any business enterprise. PR has to make a judicious selection of newspapers, journals and electronic media as also billboards, hoarding etc. towards gaining the support of the investors and for boosting the image of the company and its public issue. A checklist for the Media Plan will be helpful in achieving the objective, that is, to make the most of a media plan. REACH: How far does the projected media information provide a picture of the real situation? Available data cause more confusion than clarity. ATTENTION: Innovative steps through electronic media are restricted but instant. In press, the possibilities are endless. Both must co-exist, each with its own advantage. DURABILITY: Press advertisements have a better longevity. TV, on the other hand, might carry a lasting impression in the mind AUDIENCE: Press can attract serious reader on a sustained basis. Electronic media has the attraction of bringing newer breed of people to its fold. INFORMATION: Press can easily pack in much more detailed information which the Financial reader constantly need. TV can flash the bare essentials Which are just not enough. Press Release Press releases are a traditional method of handing out information and is a useful tool with the PR professionals. Two important factors in a financial press release are: a) The released story point of view that is, the news may have an impact on the share price of the company. Even change of guard at the helm of affairs may create a flutter in the market. b) High news value press releases have to be sensitively handled in favour of the company. ) Press releases are to be made according to the needs and available space of particular publications. For instance, specialist financial and economic journals and newspapers can easily accommodate quite a long, sizable story whereas some others will have little or moderate space. Therefore, there is need for subdividing a release into long and short hand-out s. d) A golden rule in dealing with the press is not to rush out with a press release until opposing factors have fully been taken into account. Many times it has been observed that a defensive release on an issue when the matter is under surveillance by the press just adds the proverbial fuel to the fire. However, in financial press releases, it pays to be free and frank; keep the initiative but avoid clever tricks and cheap gimmicks to impress or win over the press. Press Kit Preparing an appropriate press kit, specially in the event of a financial press conference, is of crucial importance. What should go into a press kit? Checklist for an ideal Press Kit a) A major press release is always expected at a major press meet which normally sums up the event. b) A bunch of photographs will be useful. These may include portraits of newsmaker and general, sometimes specific view of production or service operations, product photos etc. Instead of photos, or in conjunction with photos, an artist’s depictions of a physical object are effective as well. c) Brochures and biographies are useful hand-outs. Brochures, in addition to providing a succinct history of the organization, must give detailed financial particulars in which the media will find background information about the company. Biographies must pertain to achievements of the top management persons in achieving the financial goals. d) It is a good idea to provide a text or summary of the speech of the main speaker in the press kit. This simplifies the job of the media people and they appreciate it very much. The speaker has to stay quite close to the circulated text during his actual speech, otherwise, there may be confusion leading to inaccurate reporting. e) Annual Report of the Company providing balance sheet and a statement of profit and loss account of the company during the last one year. A question-answer session will be used to clarify points mentioned in the text of speech or when the journalists make reference to issues which are related to the main topic or to the functioning of the company. This is risky ground which has to be treated cautiously. Annual Report An annual report is the most essential and first-hand communication to introduce the company to the financial public as well as to financial collaborators. It is an obligation on the part of the management to present audited accounts of the company before the shareholders at the annual general meeting. The annual reports would have passed through phases of dynamic changes but the basic requirements are: i) Chairman’s speech. ii) Report of the Board of Directors. iii) Balance Sheet. iv) Profit and Loss account. v) Auditor’s Reports.

11 Entry Level Jobs in the Healthcare Industry That Are in High Demand

11 Entry Level Jobs in the Healthcare Industry That Are in High Demand you’ve got your degree, or other certification, in the healthcare industry. the trouble is: you don’t have any field experience. yet! but don’t despair. here are 11 jobs with tons of openings throughout the industry- and all of them entry-level. if you’re looking for a jumping off point to start your healthcare career, then start interviewing for one of these positions stat. registered nursethere is such a high demand for rns right now- nearly 200,000 job openings! as long as you have supervised clinical experience (even just as part of your academic program), you’re qualified. you need a nursing license and a degree, but you can make over $65k per year right out of the gate.licensed practical nurselicensed practical and vocational nurses are also in extreme demand. you’ll need to pass the nclex-pn and complete a year-long practical nursing program with some clinical experience, but then you could make about $40k a year.medical health servic es manageryou’ll need a bachelor’s  and a master’s  in something relevant to health services, plus some admin or nursing experience. but not years and years. this job pays extremely well, with a median income of over $88k.certified nursing assistantcertified nursing assistants don’t make as much money, but earn invaluable experience. there are no degree requirements, just a state approved training program.medical assistantsimilar to a cna, a medical assistant only needs an associate’s degree and some on-the-job training to get started in the field.physical therapistphysical therapists require a lot of schooling, usually a doctorate of some kind, plus a residency or internship of at least one year, but then they make a median salary of nearly $80k and demand and growth are both quite high.icu registered nurseto become a registered nurse in an intensive care environment, you need the same training and certification as an rn outside the icu enviro nment. take your pick! where would you fit best?medical secretaryif you have a high school diploma, plus solid knowledge of medical technology and terminology, then you can get started right away as a medical secretary, earning usually over $30k per year.patient service representativeit’s best to have a bachelor’s degree, but sometimes a high school diploma will do. and if you’re good at customer service, you’ll be an asset in this position. the median salary is about $42k.occupational therapistoccupational therapists are a lot like physical therapists in that they work in rehabilitation, but the field is more specific. if you have your master’s degree in ot and have done some work or volunteering in that setting, then you should be good to go! ots make a median salary of over $75k.records info technicianmedical records and health information technicians are in charge of documenting and tracking patient information. if you have an associateâ€℠¢s degree and perhaps a professional certification, you’ll be hirable. it wouldn’t hurt to take a few related medical courses to beef up your application, but you could earn over $30k per year starting out.

Anthropology of Tattoos

He repeated this several times as a ceremonial pot was filled with gathering soot from the burning fire. After the artist finished his tedious design, he rubbed soot from the pot bottom deep into the slits, planting the bacteria that would infect the skin, raising the scars into their meaningful design. She felt accomplished that she withstood the agonizing pain while other members of her clan could not. Her newly inherited body art signified the birth of her first son, and left her with a renewed sense of beauty. This is the way of life common to people indigenous to the motherland of Africa. Scarification, however, is not the only form of body art that is used. Body painting, tattooing, and branding are all similar forms of body art, which can be found in Africa and other cultures throughout the world. The word â€Å"tattoo† comes from the Tahitian word â€Å"tattau†, which means â€Å"to mark†. Tattoos have evolved from being symbols of punishment that were given to identify criminals and slaves in the early ninth-century Chinese culture, into a pop-culture trend of using he skin as â€Å"a way of describing the exotic uncivilized other† within ourselves (Schildkrout 2004:324). For centuries, the body has been used as a â€Å"visible way of defining individual identity and cultural difference† (Schildkrout 2004:319). This cultural difference becomes apparent when studying the evolution of body art over time, especially when focusing on the differences between the Western and Non-Western cultures. People have been adorning their body with tattoos and piercing for centuries, but until recently, the thought of tattoos in ancient Egypt had been pushed aside. It has now been discovered that, without a doubt, tattoos did exist in that time period. Although miniscule, a group of enormously important tattooed mummies serve to help prove this point (Bianchi 1988:21). The first mummy to be discovered was one f a woman named Amunet, whose mummy was found in an excellent state of preservation, â€Å"most likely due to the fact that she served as a priestess of the goddess Harthor at Thebes during Dynasty XI†(Bianchi 1988:22). The tattoos on her body were comprised of a pattern of dots and dashes in an elliptical shape on her lower abdomen. The thighs and arms adorned the identical parallel lines of the aforementioned pattern. Two more women mummies, who were discovered and believed to be from the same time period, also had similar tattoos on their lower abdomen (Bianchi 1988:22). This group of woman represents an exclusive group of Egyptians who received tattoos in that time period, because there is no other evidence that shows tattoos to be a part of the Egyptian culture until the time of the Middle Kingdom. These abstract patterns associated with ritualistic tattooing survived into the New Kingdom. The Egyptians, more then likely, borrowed a form of tattooing from the Nubian civilization. Unlike the Nubians, whose purpose for tattooing is unknown, â€Å"the Egyptians appear to have regarded the tattoo as one of several vehicles by which the procreative powers of the deceased could be revived† (Bianchi 1988:27). Substantiation proposes that only women were associated with the decorating of their bodies and the ritualistic activities that went along with it. The art of tattooing began with the grouping of bluish or black dots and/or dashes forming abstract geometric patterns; that system of body art lasted for over two thousand years in ancient Egypt. Just like other ideas and goods, the idea of tattooing began to travel to several different societies, and has evolved into extremely different forms of art all over the world. In northeastern Zambia, the Tabwa â€Å"once covered themselves from head to foot with scarification† (Roberts 1988:41). The women of the Tabwa began receiving elaborate marks on their face, chest, and backs when they were young girls; it sometimes was continued at other points in a woman’s life (Roberts 1988:43) such as courting rituals and for woman wishing to bear a child. Male sculptors would trace designs and make incisions on the lesser intimate parts of the body; they left the rest for the women to do. ‘Tabwa women used razors to slit skin [that had been] plucked up with a fishhook or arrowhead. These incisions were then rubbed with soot from a pot bottom, an irritant that produced the desired raised cicatrices† (Roberts 1988:44). There were several reasons that this tradition was done, different to every age and gender in the tribe. Young women went through this process in order to achieve a state of perfection, which was required for those wanting to marry and have children (Roberts 1988:45). Scarification is a form of body art that was used in several tribes because according to their customs â€Å"beauty is not physically innate, but rather a function of the girl’s inscriptions† (Roberts 1988:45). Not only the Tabwa, scarification was used in such tribes as the Ga’anda and the Tiv; all the tribes have distinctly different purposes for doing this, but the process and effect of the body are the same. Another form of body art is body painting, which the people of the Southeast Nuba begin at a young age; but the meanings, and time frame from when they begin decorating the body are very different between males and females. The males paint themselves from the ages of 12 to 27 (Faris 1988:31). Typically, they only paint during the down time after the harvest season and before the next years planting begins. This is the time that the males are less involved in mandatory and productive activities; they spend their supplementary time with festive activities such as dance and sport participation. The restrictions placed on the men by their age, most importantly deal with the color that they use on their body—for example â€Å" only the older age groups are eligible to use the greatest elaboration in color, including the deep black and yellow [colors, that are] prohibited to younger grades†(Faris 1988:32). The change in elaboration allowed on the body does not coincide with any physiological changes, rather, it corresponds with changes â€Å"in productive status or sport† (Faris 1988:32). As they move up in grades from young laborers that answer to the elders, to mature men that own their own property, farm and family, their elaborate painting ability increases. The elders though, do not decorate their bodies; rather, they delegate and lead rituals for the younger men and enforce the rules of allowed color use. Therefore, the male body painting shows their progression thru ones life stages. The women of Southeast Nuba, â€Å"from the age of six years, until consummation of marriage, oil and ochre [their bodies] daily, in colors [that are] appropriate to their patri-clan section† (Faris 1988:34). After childbirth, they may continue to wear some oil and ochre on their shoulders. The personal body art of women is strictly related to the physiological changes that occur as a women goes through life, and are fixed around body scarification as a way of showing her changes. A woman’s scarification is so important, that â€Å"if a husband refuses to pay for a scarring specialist, a woman may seek a lover who will do so, and her first marriage will end† (Faris 1988:35). Unlike the males elaborate body art, a woman’s body art is simple, but it accumulates over her life-span and is very standardized, while a male’s body art is constantly changing. Body painting, tattooing and scarification thus far had been tools used by individuals to beautify their body and elevate their status within their tribe; this is not the case with all societies. In several other cultures, tattoos have been used in a form of branding, which is quite the opposite. Though tattooing and branding are â€Å"similar in that both involve the insertion of pigments under the skin to create permanent marks†, branding is implemented in order to lower an individuals status, to punish for crimes committed, to identify slaves, but most importantly, to eliminate personal identity (Schildkrout 2004:323). â€Å"The immutable alteration of human skin by branding needs to be considered in relation to, but ought not be confused with, tattooing† (Bianchi 1988:27). Two recent studies originating in South Africa elaborate on this subject, reporting on the political influence of tattooing â€Å"as a means of social control† (Schildkrout 2004:330). They site examples from Zambia in which a medical practitioner travels around to villages â€Å"in which witch craft accusations have been common†¦to inoculate people against people against witch craft† (Schildkrout 2004:331). The villagers would â€Å"submit to bodily inspections†, they were then treated â€Å"by getting numbers tattooed on their arms† (Schildkrout 2004:331). This is disturbingly reminiscent of Nazi concentration camps when an unfathomable number of Jewish people lost their personal identities and became known as only a number in the system to be disposed of. This â€Å"symbolic denial of personhood† served as a system â€Å"of control and surveillance† (Schildkrout 2004:323). This system of control was also imposed by â€Å"authoritarian regimes† in Southeast Asia (Schildkrout 2004:323). The Zhou and Ming Dynasties branded criminals as a form of punishment with â€Å"extensive, often full-body tattoos, with elaborate pictorial imagery as well as written inscriptions† (Schildkrout 2004:324) portraying their crime. This form of tattooing is definitely contrary to traditional methods. Similarly in Brazil, branding was used to mark convicts by the penal authorities. Penal tattoos derived their power from subjugation of the marked convicts. The humiliation of being visibly branded was a significant component of the convict’s punishment. In an act of resistance, those that had been branded â€Å"were known to reclaim their bodies by writing over the inscriptions or by displaying them in new social situations† (Schildkrout 2004:324). The branded, therefore, became the empowered, restoring the function of the tattoo to being personally-motivated. This personal motivation is perhaps most notable in Western cultures, specifically North America. In America, the Native Americans used body painting in many ways, usually connected with ethnic identity, social roles or marital status (Rubin 1988:179). The Natives also used the body as a canvas in ritualistic ceremonies, on warriors going into battle and for the beautification of their women. When the Europeans discovered America, they brought with them slaves from Africa and they introduced branding of the slaves into the American culture. After the civil war, when the slaves had been freed, branding was still embedded in American culture through groups of people including gang members and convicts. Though â€Å"branding is often associated with involuntary marking and the denial of personhood†, it has also â€Å"been adopted in contemporary Western body culture as an assertion of group identity, for example in college fraternities† (Schildkrout 2004:323). Tattoos were also prevalent in other parts of America, including Alaska. Among the Eskimos â€Å"[t]he function of these art forms [was] – essentially manifesting one’s place or role within the hierarchy of hunting life† (Gritton 1988:190). With the introduction and adaptation of the western civilization in Alaskan culture, â€Å"the marks of a hunter or hunter’s wife served no purpose in their new lives and were understandably abandoned† (Gritton 1988:190). The function of body art and tattooing has been Americanized, evolving from its native origins to incorporate self expression. This self expression has mushroomed from a manor of identifying oneself to a way of gaining attention through shock value. Though ever-changing, all forms of body art mentioned play enormous roles in the lives of people. Certain non-Western cultures are based around the ability to use skin as a visible way of defining status or bettering their self-image, in order to attract companions. So the artists who are allowed to perform the act of adorning bodies with different designs are regarded as having a very important place in the society. They are â€Å"scarring specialist† (Faris 1988:35), â€Å"body artists† (Drewal 1988:84), but most importantly, they are known as â€Å"[the] one-who-creates- art† (Drewal 1988:84). In the non-Native American culture, however, the general attitude towards tattoo artist in present-day American culture is less than appreciative. Extreme critics even characterize tattooist as opportunist, exclusively seeking monetary gain (Sanders 1988:229). â€Å"The tattooist interest in artistry and control is often in conflict with his profit orientation†, revealing the major flaw within the American society (Sanders 1988:229). This is the major difference in western and non-western cultures. Body tattoos in western society are an object to be purchased. Americans obtain tattoos in the same manner that they acquire a new Louis Vuitton handbag. They purchase them as accessories, which is in stark contrast to the non-western cultures, who acquire tattoos as an essential ritual in their society. With this is mind, the process in which American’s purchases body art seems slightly ridiculous. Tattoo artists often complain of the unwillingness of customers to spend the quoted amount of money for â€Å"a tattoo [they] are going to wear for the rest of [their] life† (Sanders 1988:229). It is more acceptable in American culture to invest in short term materialistic purchases, therefore the legitimate tattoo artists are constantly being monitored and regimented under strict laws imposed by the government. Despite the absurdity of the purchasing process, the reasoning that propels the American society to obtain tattoos is just as flawed. Some reasons people give to explain permanently marking their skin include, â€Å"they were drunk, it’s a macho thing, to fit in with a crowd or even worse, for no reason at all† (DeMello 1995:42). Western society seems to have a complete disregard for the spiritual origins of body art. Tattoo artist are even witness to clients’ apathy, avoiding â€Å"working on people who are obviously under the influence of alcohol† (Sanders 1988:225). Where once there was a ceremonious celebration deeply rooted in spiritualism, in American society the only ritualistic ceremony is the receiving of a piece of paper on how to care for the recently acquired body art. This apathetic attitude of Americans is perhaps derived from the renouncing majority of the population. This bias stems from â€Å"very early ‘regulations’ [including] Moses’ remarks in Leviticus 19:28 forbidding any cuttings in the flesh or the printing of any marks† (Armstrong 2005:39). Since tattoos â€Å"were not sanctioned by the church† the profile for the tattooed archetype became unconventional (Schildkrout 2004:325). Christian belief has been adapted to the masses, forcing those who are tattooed into rebellion. The majority of people adopting body art include â€Å"bikers, convicts, and other ‘low lives’† (DeMello 1995:40). In Western society â€Å"the idea that the unmarked body as a sign of God’s work was linked to the Protestant reformation† and â€Å"the idea that body markings were a sign of savagery goes back even earlier† ( Schildkrout 2004:324). This is ironic considering tattoos in earlier cultures signified positions of high status. Perhaps the only entity that ties these drastic cultures together is the desire to increase their inherited beauty. â€Å"If the body is – metaphorically – a site of inscription to various degrees for various theorist, then cosmetic surgery can be seen, at one level, as an example of the literal and explicit enactment of this process of inscription† ( Schildkrout 2004:320), which is also seen in the aforementioned tribes with the rituals of scarification. DeMello also agrees that along with tattooing and piericing, that cosmetic surgery is seen as a form of â€Å"body modification† (DeMello 1995:37). â€Å"Not only does the tattooed skin negotiate between the individual and society and between different social groups, but also mediates relations between persons and spirits, the human and the divine† (Schildkrout 2004:321). Body art is a tradition that extends throughout the barriers of the world and although the forms in which they are found may be different, the idea of using your body as a canvas is universal. Although recently, several anthropologists agreed and have begun to examine body art more closely, looking at it â€Å"as a microcosm of society† (Schildkrout 2004:328), Roberts still believes that â€Å"there can be no ultimate explanation of symbolism† (Roberts 1988:51). He claims that â€Å"the blazes on trees in the Ndembu forest will remain many years after their purpose and meaning are forgotten. So it is with other inscriptions† (Roberts 1988:51). This is exemplified in the woman who endured the agonizing pain of her scarification to instigate a new chapter in her life. Nevertheless, soon after her body is placed into the ground, her skin will no longer be a visible indication of who she once was. She will become a memory and her body will no longer be used as a canvas. Anthropology of Tattoos He repeated this several times as a ceremonial pot was filled with gathering soot from the burning fire. After the artist finished his tedious design, he rubbed soot from the pot bottom deep into the slits, planting the bacteria that would infect the skin, raising the scars into their meaningful design. She felt accomplished that she withstood the agonizing pain while other members of her clan could not. Her newly inherited body art signified the birth of her first son, and left her with a renewed sense of beauty. This is the way of life common to people indigenous to the motherland of Africa. Scarification, however, is not the only form of body art that is used. Body painting, tattooing, and branding are all similar forms of body art, which can be found in Africa and other cultures throughout the world. The word â€Å"tattoo† comes from the Tahitian word â€Å"tattau†, which means â€Å"to mark†. Tattoos have evolved from being symbols of punishment that were given to identify criminals and slaves in the early ninth-century Chinese culture, into a pop-culture trend of using he skin as â€Å"a way of describing the exotic uncivilized other† within ourselves (Schildkrout 2004:324). For centuries, the body has been used as a â€Å"visible way of defining individual identity and cultural difference† (Schildkrout 2004:319). This cultural difference becomes apparent when studying the evolution of body art over time, especially when focusing on the differences between the Western and Non-Western cultures. People have been adorning their body with tattoos and piercing for centuries, but until recently, the thought of tattoos in ancient Egypt had been pushed aside. It has now been discovered that, without a doubt, tattoos did exist in that time period. Although miniscule, a group of enormously important tattooed mummies serve to help prove this point (Bianchi 1988:21). The first mummy to be discovered was one f a woman named Amunet, whose mummy was found in an excellent state of preservation, â€Å"most likely due to the fact that she served as a priestess of the goddess Harthor at Thebes during Dynasty XI†(Bianchi 1988:22). The tattoos on her body were comprised of a pattern of dots and dashes in an elliptical shape on her lower abdomen. The thighs and arms adorned the identical parallel lines of the aforementioned pattern. Two more women mummies, who were discovered and believed to be from the same time period, also had similar tattoos on their lower abdomen (Bianchi 1988:22). This group of woman represents an exclusive group of Egyptians who received tattoos in that time period, because there is no other evidence that shows tattoos to be a part of the Egyptian culture until the time of the Middle Kingdom. These abstract patterns associated with ritualistic tattooing survived into the New Kingdom. The Egyptians, more then likely, borrowed a form of tattooing from the Nubian civilization. Unlike the Nubians, whose purpose for tattooing is unknown, â€Å"the Egyptians appear to have regarded the tattoo as one of several vehicles by which the procreative powers of the deceased could be revived† (Bianchi 1988:27). Substantiation proposes that only women were associated with the decorating of their bodies and the ritualistic activities that went along with it. The art of tattooing began with the grouping of bluish or black dots and/or dashes forming abstract geometric patterns; that system of body art lasted for over two thousand years in ancient Egypt. Just like other ideas and goods, the idea of tattooing began to travel to several different societies, and has evolved into extremely different forms of art all over the world. In northeastern Zambia, the Tabwa â€Å"once covered themselves from head to foot with scarification† (Roberts 1988:41). The women of the Tabwa began receiving elaborate marks on their face, chest, and backs when they were young girls; it sometimes was continued at other points in a woman’s life (Roberts 1988:43) such as courting rituals and for woman wishing to bear a child. Male sculptors would trace designs and make incisions on the lesser intimate parts of the body; they left the rest for the women to do. ‘Tabwa women used razors to slit skin [that had been] plucked up with a fishhook or arrowhead. These incisions were then rubbed with soot from a pot bottom, an irritant that produced the desired raised cicatrices† (Roberts 1988:44). There were several reasons that this tradition was done, different to every age and gender in the tribe. Young women went through this process in order to achieve a state of perfection, which was required for those wanting to marry and have children (Roberts 1988:45). Scarification is a form of body art that was used in several tribes because according to their customs â€Å"beauty is not physically innate, but rather a function of the girl’s inscriptions† (Roberts 1988:45). Not only the Tabwa, scarification was used in such tribes as the Ga’anda and the Tiv; all the tribes have distinctly different purposes for doing this, but the process and effect of the body are the same. Another form of body art is body painting, which the people of the Southeast Nuba begin at a young age; but the meanings, and time frame from when they begin decorating the body are very different between males and females. The males paint themselves from the ages of 12 to 27 (Faris 1988:31). Typically, they only paint during the down time after the harvest season and before the next years planting begins. This is the time that the males are less involved in mandatory and productive activities; they spend their supplementary time with festive activities such as dance and sport participation. The restrictions placed on the men by their age, most importantly deal with the color that they use on their body—for example â€Å" only the older age groups are eligible to use the greatest elaboration in color, including the deep black and yellow [colors, that are] prohibited to younger grades†(Faris 1988:32). The change in elaboration allowed on the body does not coincide with any physiological changes, rather, it corresponds with changes â€Å"in productive status or sport† (Faris 1988:32). As they move up in grades from young laborers that answer to the elders, to mature men that own their own property, farm and family, their elaborate painting ability increases. The elders though, do not decorate their bodies; rather, they delegate and lead rituals for the younger men and enforce the rules of allowed color use. Therefore, the male body painting shows their progression thru ones life stages. The women of Southeast Nuba, â€Å"from the age of six years, until consummation of marriage, oil and ochre [their bodies] daily, in colors [that are] appropriate to their patri-clan section† (Faris 1988:34). After childbirth, they may continue to wear some oil and ochre on their shoulders. The personal body art of women is strictly related to the physiological changes that occur as a women goes through life, and are fixed around body scarification as a way of showing her changes. A woman’s scarification is so important, that â€Å"if a husband refuses to pay for a scarring specialist, a woman may seek a lover who will do so, and her first marriage will end† (Faris 1988:35). Unlike the males elaborate body art, a woman’s body art is simple, but it accumulates over her life-span and is very standardized, while a male’s body art is constantly changing. Body painting, tattooing and scarification thus far had been tools used by individuals to beautify their body and elevate their status within their tribe; this is not the case with all societies. In several other cultures, tattoos have been used in a form of branding, which is quite the opposite. Though tattooing and branding are â€Å"similar in that both involve the insertion of pigments under the skin to create permanent marks†, branding is implemented in order to lower an individuals status, to punish for crimes committed, to identify slaves, but most importantly, to eliminate personal identity (Schildkrout 2004:323). â€Å"The immutable alteration of human skin by branding needs to be considered in relation to, but ought not be confused with, tattooing† (Bianchi 1988:27). Two recent studies originating in South Africa elaborate on this subject, reporting on the political influence of tattooing â€Å"as a means of social control† (Schildkrout 2004:330). They site examples from Zambia in which a medical practitioner travels around to villages â€Å"in which witch craft accusations have been common†¦to inoculate people against people against witch craft† (Schildkrout 2004:331). The villagers would â€Å"submit to bodily inspections†, they were then treated â€Å"by getting numbers tattooed on their arms† (Schildkrout 2004:331). This is disturbingly reminiscent of Nazi concentration camps when an unfathomable number of Jewish people lost their personal identities and became known as only a number in the system to be disposed of. This â€Å"symbolic denial of personhood† served as a system â€Å"of control and surveillance† (Schildkrout 2004:323). This system of control was also imposed by â€Å"authoritarian regimes† in Southeast Asia (Schildkrout 2004:323). The Zhou and Ming Dynasties branded criminals as a form of punishment with â€Å"extensive, often full-body tattoos, with elaborate pictorial imagery as well as written inscriptions† (Schildkrout 2004:324) portraying their crime. This form of tattooing is definitely contrary to traditional methods. Similarly in Brazil, branding was used to mark convicts by the penal authorities. Penal tattoos derived their power from subjugation of the marked convicts. The humiliation of being visibly branded was a significant component of the convict’s punishment. In an act of resistance, those that had been branded â€Å"were known to reclaim their bodies by writing over the inscriptions or by displaying them in new social situations† (Schildkrout 2004:324). The branded, therefore, became the empowered, restoring the function of the tattoo to being personally-motivated. This personal motivation is perhaps most notable in Western cultures, specifically North America. In America, the Native Americans used body painting in many ways, usually connected with ethnic identity, social roles or marital status (Rubin 1988:179). The Natives also used the body as a canvas in ritualistic ceremonies, on warriors going into battle and for the beautification of their women. When the Europeans discovered America, they brought with them slaves from Africa and they introduced branding of the slaves into the American culture. After the civil war, when the slaves had been freed, branding was still embedded in American culture through groups of people including gang members and convicts. Though â€Å"branding is often associated with involuntary marking and the denial of personhood†, it has also â€Å"been adopted in contemporary Western body culture as an assertion of group identity, for example in college fraternities† (Schildkrout 2004:323). Tattoos were also prevalent in other parts of America, including Alaska. Among the Eskimos â€Å"[t]he function of these art forms [was] – essentially manifesting one’s place or role within the hierarchy of hunting life† (Gritton 1988:190). With the introduction and adaptation of the western civilization in Alaskan culture, â€Å"the marks of a hunter or hunter’s wife served no purpose in their new lives and were understandably abandoned† (Gritton 1988:190). The function of body art and tattooing has been Americanized, evolving from its native origins to incorporate self expression. This self expression has mushroomed from a manor of identifying oneself to a way of gaining attention through shock value. Though ever-changing, all forms of body art mentioned play enormous roles in the lives of people. Certain non-Western cultures are based around the ability to use skin as a visible way of defining status or bettering their self-image, in order to attract companions. So the artists who are allowed to perform the act of adorning bodies with different designs are regarded as having a very important place in the society. They are â€Å"scarring specialist† (Faris 1988:35), â€Å"body artists† (Drewal 1988:84), but most importantly, they are known as â€Å"[the] one-who-creates- art† (Drewal 1988:84). In the non-Native American culture, however, the general attitude towards tattoo artist in present-day American culture is less than appreciative. Extreme critics even characterize tattooist as opportunist, exclusively seeking monetary gain (Sanders 1988:229). â€Å"The tattooist interest in artistry and control is often in conflict with his profit orientation†, revealing the major flaw within the American society (Sanders 1988:229). This is the major difference in western and non-western cultures. Body tattoos in western society are an object to be purchased. Americans obtain tattoos in the same manner that they acquire a new Louis Vuitton handbag. They purchase them as accessories, which is in stark contrast to the non-western cultures, who acquire tattoos as an essential ritual in their society. With this is mind, the process in which American’s purchases body art seems slightly ridiculous. Tattoo artists often complain of the unwillingness of customers to spend the quoted amount of money for â€Å"a tattoo [they] are going to wear for the rest of [their] life† (Sanders 1988:229). It is more acceptable in American culture to invest in short term materialistic purchases, therefore the legitimate tattoo artists are constantly being monitored and regimented under strict laws imposed by the government. Despite the absurdity of the purchasing process, the reasoning that propels the American society to obtain tattoos is just as flawed. Some reasons people give to explain permanently marking their skin include, â€Å"they were drunk, it’s a macho thing, to fit in with a crowd or even worse, for no reason at all† (DeMello 1995:42). Western society seems to have a complete disregard for the spiritual origins of body art. Tattoo artist are even witness to clients’ apathy, avoiding â€Å"working on people who are obviously under the influence of alcohol† (Sanders 1988:225). Where once there was a ceremonious celebration deeply rooted in spiritualism, in American society the only ritualistic ceremony is the receiving of a piece of paper on how to care for the recently acquired body art. This apathetic attitude of Americans is perhaps derived from the renouncing majority of the population. This bias stems from â€Å"very early ‘regulations’ [including] Moses’ remarks in Leviticus 19:28 forbidding any cuttings in the flesh or the printing of any marks† (Armstrong 2005:39). Since tattoos â€Å"were not sanctioned by the church† the profile for the tattooed archetype became unconventional (Schildkrout 2004:325). Christian belief has been adapted to the masses, forcing those who are tattooed into rebellion. The majority of people adopting body art include â€Å"bikers, convicts, and other ‘low lives’† (DeMello 1995:40). In Western society â€Å"the idea that the unmarked body as a sign of God’s work was linked to the Protestant reformation† and â€Å"the idea that body markings were a sign of savagery goes back even earlier† ( Schildkrout 2004:324). This is ironic considering tattoos in earlier cultures signified positions of high status. Perhaps the only entity that ties these drastic cultures together is the desire to increase their inherited beauty. â€Å"If the body is – metaphorically – a site of inscription to various degrees for various theorist, then cosmetic surgery can be seen, at one level, as an example of the literal and explicit enactment of this process of inscription† ( Schildkrout 2004:320), which is also seen in the aforementioned tribes with the rituals of scarification. DeMello also agrees that along with tattooing and piericing, that cosmetic surgery is seen as a form of â€Å"body modification† (DeMello 1995:37). â€Å"Not only does the tattooed skin negotiate between the individual and society and between different social groups, but also mediates relations between persons and spirits, the human and the divine† (Schildkrout 2004:321). Body art is a tradition that extends throughout the barriers of the world and although the forms in which they are found may be different, the idea of using your body as a canvas is universal. Although recently, several anthropologists agreed and have begun to examine body art more closely, looking at it â€Å"as a microcosm of society† (Schildkrout 2004:328), Roberts still believes that â€Å"there can be no ultimate explanation of symbolism† (Roberts 1988:51). He claims that â€Å"the blazes on trees in the Ndembu forest will remain many years after their purpose and meaning are forgotten. So it is with other inscriptions† (Roberts 1988:51). This is exemplified in the woman who endured the agonizing pain of her scarification to instigate a new chapter in her life. Nevertheless, soon after her body is placed into the ground, her skin will no longer be a visible indication of who she once was. She will become a memory and her body will no longer be used as a canvas.

Is a justified war ethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is a justified war ethical - Essay Example historians and theologians depict them as holy wars fought to oust Muslim domination and regain control of Christian Holy Lands, while others portray the wars as a series of ruthless and intentional attacks by religious extremists (Guibert). The stance of the Church is that the Crusades were ethically justified. They heavily base their arguments on the ‘Just War Theory’ that was proclaimed by two of the Church’s most celebrated theologians – St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. The former was a renowned Catholic Bishop and theologian who lived in the 5th Century, author of many books of which ‘City of God’ and ‘Confessions’ are the most famous. He is looked upon as the creator of the Just War Theory. His effect on Christian theology is so immense that his influence persisted from the time of the middle ages up to the current period (Crusade-Encyclopedia). St. Thomas Aquinas was a renowned Catholic priest, philosopher and theologian who lived in the 13th Century. He totally agreed with his 5th Century counterpart’s Just War Theory principles, adding that religious and philosophical truths do not oppose each other, but in fact each one complements the other, as they are nothing but two different sides of the same truth. St. Aquinas went on to add that perception power and thought were required to comprehend the many facets and workings of the Universe (Bbc.co.uk). St. Augustine’s Just War Theory states that in case of defending oneself solely and personally in matters related to life or material possessions, one does not have the right to take the life of another human being. This train of thought follows the abstract idea of Christian charity which proclaims that if struck on the cheek, one should not retaliate likewise but instead exercise restraint and meekly ‘turn the other cheek’ to receive additional punishment. However, when it involved the good and safety of others the above principle ceases to hold relevance and one faces the moral

Business plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business plan - Assignment Example This has been in practice by people regardless of their age ranging from their childhood which poses as great dange (Henry, 2013)r. Also from the time of industrialization in this world whereby machines replaced work done by human especially the practical and manual work, many people have engaged in business or work practices which they engage passively. Most people work in offices and spend all of their day sited. This makes their bodies to be more relaxed which is a great danger. Due to the above practices which have been caused by emanating factors in the environment such as technological developments in food and in how work is carried out, diseases have come into being which have killed and continue to kill people all over (Pinson, 2004). An example of a lifestyle disease is cancer which results from eating unhealthy food which comprises mostly of junk food and on the other hand not practicing at all. As per the above aspects of life, it is thus worth to come up with a fitness center which will tend to assist people to maintain a good living characterized with good health through training and proper dieting. This is a spelled out in the fitness centers vision, mission and the strategy of the organization (Bisoux, 2002). Good health fitness center is an entity whose main goal will be to create a fit and healthy society. Good training and proper dieting will be our main objective which we intend to teach the society in order to make the world a better place. Our agenda is to eliminate lifestyle diseases in the future through our committed staff of well-trained fitness guides who will be of help to the society through their advice on how to train and live well. Our goal is also to create branches throughout the nation In order to ease access of training facilities and services. Our vision is to be the best in weight management, group fitness, cardio and martial arts. Our mission is to be the best firm in

Confucianism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Confucianism - Research Paper Example Confucianism is a form of idea that is basically founded on the teachings of Confucius (D. Hoobler & T. Hoobler, 2009, p. 10). Confucius is a Chinese philosopher who believes that a human being must aim to develop his primary goodness. One of his famous works is the concept of golden rule: â€Å"Do not impose on others what you do not wish for yourself† (Matthews, 2010, p. 185). Confucius believed that in order for a person to nurture its goodness, the five virtues must be practiced. These are the virtue of â€Å"courtesy, magnanimity, good faith, diligence and kindness† (University of Northern Colorado, 2007). These virtues must become an application to the life of a person for this is the basis concerning its life and death. The particular destiny of a person is reflected on the actions and practices he made. Entering Heaven relies whether a person is doing the right thing or not. The actions he made while he was living will always count, may it be for goodness sake o r for personal satisfaction (Yao, 2000, p. 146). In this context, a man is expected to make himself righteous and appropriate on all occasions as his deeds must always be good. Confucianism does not ponder so much about death by considering it as a plain rest of a person, while the conception of life is believe to start when one person has learned to become honorable individual (Tan, 2004, p. 128). The tradition of the Confucianism includes the offering of sacrifices which is considered as common practices to develop its virtues. The birthing of a child constitutes to the significance of preserving the bloodline while the joining of couple is a duty in conception of a new being. The â€Å"capping† signals the transformation from a childhood to adulthood (Taylor, 2004, p. 99). These rituals were also made for the improvement of the health of the Confucians. Artistry is also performed to effectively alleviate the wellness of the members (Mullis, n.d.).

Basing Nursing Practice on Evidence Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Basing Nursing Practice on Evidence - Article Example As a result, the patient presents his or her individual encounters, preferences, and special concerns, is the role of the clinician to cater to the patient’s anticipations and values. Evidence alone does not settle on the caregiving decisions yet it supports the overall caregiving process. Difference between EBP and research is their differing purposes. EBP assesses proof alongside a range to pinpoint the strongest and paramount proof to guide caregiving practices within an organizational environment and with a particular patient demographic (Agency for Healthcare and Research Quality, 2013). On the other hand, research produces new knowledge inside the wider scientific world to generate information that is simplified past the research sample. Research largely has strict controls over extraneous variables to offer confidence that its findings came about because of clear interventions and not coincidence. EBP interventions have less tight controls and more flexible procedures than research. As a result, information gathered through EBP interventions might not be fast cycle and entail differing resources. Lastly, research employs a methodology, either quantitative or qualitative, to generate new knowledge. In contrast, EBP such as for and applies the finest medical proo f frequently acquired from research and dedicated to creating sound caregiving decisions (Kernan et al., 2014). Nurses do not use evidence-based findings because of their lack of knowledge, low access to data, and insufficient organizational support among their priorities. Recent findings show that nurses that are more knowledgeable are inclined to be bolder in using evidence-based findings in their practices (Fitzsimons & Cooper, 2012). At the same time, the same findings showed that nurses employed in caregiving organizations for longer periods were less

Company Report (on KPMG) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company Report (on KPMG) - Coursework Example After the merge, there were disagreements on the name of the firm but in 1990 it was agreed to name the firm as KPMG Peat Marwick McLintock. This name was changed later in 1991 to KPMG Peat Marwick and remained so up to 1999 when the name was reduced to KPMG. The company has presence in various countries in the world. Every national KPMG firm is a separate independent legal entity and is a member of KPMG international cooperative (KPMG PEAT MARWICK, 1980). KPMG offers its services to various markets and industries. Its markets are classified into financial services; where advisory services are offered. It majors in capital management, credit crisis and balance sheet management. Second are Consumer and Industrial Markets; the company works in helping industries to solve challenges associated with changing business and industrial environment. Information, communications and entertainment marker is another great sector. The rapid changes in these sectors require rapid response. As a result, KPMG offer adequate advisory services on ways to cope with these changes. Governments provide the other market (KPMG, 1998). Every government in the globe works toward spurring economic growth. The company provides financial advice, performance improvement and programme management services to governments. KPMG is an international company with its international headquarters in Amstelveen, Netherlands. It has branches in various countries with more than 156 countries around the globe. The company’s global employee’s number total to more than 152000 exceptional professionals. The company’s chairman is in Hong Kong. KPMG offers various products to its clients. First, is auditing services; it offers auditing services to various companies over the globe. They provide audited financial reports and other attestations reports. Second are taxation services; in the current economic world companies outsource taxation services.

Zipcar Company Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zipcar Company Analysis - Case Study Example The case study "Zipcar Company Case Analysis" talks about the lessons a marketer can learn from the largest car share company in the world in terms of marketing strategies. Zipcar Company established itself as a major company in the market through diversifying its services from just offering car hire services but ventured in other services direly needed by the customers. They choose a densely populated geographic segment to offer its services and they went on to be successful. From their operation, there are two important marketing concepts identified in the case, segmentation and CSR. These are used by the company for winning the best market for its services. The future of the firm looks way ahead of the competitors where there is a plan to expand to other populated market segments and win the developments in the market. This case, therefore, brings two lessons; in a course or work like marketing, customer loyalty and market segmentation brings about high-level success to the company. Its main work is to rent out cars on daily basis and has grown and positioned itself to become well-endowed in the market that commands a high level of car rental companies. The company is also a car rental company that has its own services modified to fit other specialities in which case the whole issue is not just about cars but more than that. Its main services are to people living in densely populated regions where it is very cumbersome, costly and ineffective (actually irresponsible) to own a car.

Company Report (on KPMG) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company Report (on KPMG) - Coursework Example After the merge, there were disagreements on the name of the firm but in 1990 it was agreed to name the firm as KPMG Peat Marwick McLintock. This name was changed later in 1991 to KPMG Peat Marwick and remained so up to 1999 when the name was reduced to KPMG. The company has presence in various countries in the world. Every national KPMG firm is a separate independent legal entity and is a member of KPMG international cooperative (KPMG PEAT MARWICK, 1980). KPMG offers its services to various markets and industries. Its markets are classified into financial services; where advisory services are offered. It majors in capital management, credit crisis and balance sheet management. Second are Consumer and Industrial Markets; the company works in helping industries to solve challenges associated with changing business and industrial environment. Information, communications and entertainment marker is another great sector. The rapid changes in these sectors require rapid response. As a result, KPMG offer adequate advisory services on ways to cope with these changes. Governments provide the other market (KPMG, 1998). Every government in the globe works toward spurring economic growth. The company provides financial advice, performance improvement and programme management services to governments. KPMG is an international company with its international headquarters in Amstelveen, Netherlands. It has branches in various countries with more than 156 countries around the globe. The company’s global employee’s number total to more than 152000 exceptional professionals. The company’s chairman is in Hong Kong. KPMG offers various products to its clients. First, is auditing services; it offers auditing services to various companies over the globe. They provide audited financial reports and other attestations reports. Second are taxation services; in the current economic world companies outsource taxation services.

The Game of Tennis Essay Example for Free

The Game of Tennis Essay The history of tennis is said to date back several of thousands of years. The game was created by European monks. It began as a game for â€Å"entertainment purposes during religious ceremonies. To begin the game of tennis one was too hit the ball with their hand, soon the leather glove came into existence. This now replaced ones hand with a more effective way to hit and serve the ball, and so the first â€Å"racquet† was created. With a new way to hit the tennis balls, then the ball went under reconstruction and redesign seeing as the first tennis ball was wooden. Soon the new ball was bouncier, it was made of leather filled with cellulose material. The game of tennis soon became very popular in Europe, then in france as it was adopted by the royal family. But in the beginning tennis was called â€Å"Jeu de paumme† – the game of the palm, and it was played by kings and noblemen. The French players began the game by yelling the word â€Å"tenez!† which meant â€Å"Play!† The name was then changed to royal or â€Å"real tennis.† In 1874 the first tennis courts came to be in the United States and Major Walter Wingfield had requested the patent rights for the equipment and rules of the game. The game spread like wild fire to different parts of the world like, Russia, Canada, India and China. Although Wingfield’s version of the tennis courts and rules of the game underwent a many changes until it gave way to the modern version of tennis we play today. The earliest of origins of tennis are said to be a matter of â€Å"some dispute.† Some believe that the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans were the first to play tennis, but no drawings or descriptions to prove this information has ever been discovered. One this we do know is a few Arabic words dating from ancient Egyptian times are cited as evidence. The name tennis comes from the Egyptian town, Tinnis and the word racquet is Arabic for palm of the hand. Aside from those two words, evidence to prove any form of the game tennis being played or created the year 1000 is lacking, and most people and historians credit the first origins to the French. As far as the rules of the game of Tennis I decided to get simplified version of them which I had found on another High School’s website. â€Å"The rules of tennis are quite simple. The game itself is complex. Rule 1. Opponents stand on opposite sides of the court. The player who delivers the ball to start the point is called the server. The player who stands opposite and cross-court from the server is the receiver. Rule 2. The right to serve, receive, choose your side, or give the opponent these choices is decided by a toss of a coin or racquet. If the choice of service or receiver is chosen, the opponent chooses which side to start. Rule 3. The server shall stand behind the baseline on the deuce court within the boundaries of the singles court when playing singles and within the doubles sideline when playing doubles. All even points are played from the deuce court and odd number points played from the advantage court. The server shall not serve until the receiver is ready. Serves are made from the deuce court to the opponents service box on the deuce court. Advantage court to advantage box. If the server misses his target twice, he loses the point. If the ball hits the net and goes in the correct service box, another serve is granted. If the server steps on the baseline before contact is made, the serve is deemed a fault. Rule 4. The receiver is deemed ready if an attempt is made to return the servers ball. The receiver can stand where he likes but must let the ball bounce in the service box. If the ball does not land in the service box, it is deemed a fault and a second serve is given. If the ball is hit by either opponent before the ball bounces, the server wins the point. Rule 5. The server always calls his score first. If the server wins the first point, he gets a score of 15. Scoring is done like a clock. See example below. Love means zero in tennis. The second point is called 30. The third point is called 45 (now-a-days known as 40) and game is won when the score goes back to love. If the score is 40-40, also known as deuce, one side must win by two points. Advantage-In means if the server wins the next point, he wins the game. Advantage-Out means the receiver has a chance to win the game on the next point. LOVE 15-30-40 Rule 5. After the game, the opponents serve. Games equal 1. The first to win 6 games, by two, wins the set. The first to win 2 sets wins the match. If the score is 6-6, a tie-breaker is played. This is scored by ones. The first team to score 7 points winning by two wins the set. The tiebreaker continues until one side wins by two. Hence, Game-Set-Match. Rule 6. If the ball goes into the net, or outside the boundaries of the court, the player who hit that ball loses the point. If the ball hits the net during the point and goes into the opponents court, the ball is in play. A player loses the point if he touches the net, drops his racquet while hitting the ball, bounces the ball over the net, hits a part of the surroundings such as the roof, or a tree, the ball touches him or his partner, he deliberately tries to distract the opponent. Rule 7. A let is called during the point if a ball rolls on the court or there is a distraction from someone besides the players on the court. Rule 8. A ball that lands on the line is good. Rule 9. If players serve out of turn or serve to the wrong person or court, the point or game will stand and order will be resumed following the point or game. Also while researching the game of tennis I came across a list of the tennis terminology that made the definitions easier to understand for a beginner in tennis as well as someone just looking into the sport. As I read the terminologies I decided to make a table list for all of them with the definitions that the website provided for me. TermsDefinitions Ad CourtThe advantage court is the left side of the court for each player AdvantageAfter the score has reached 40-all, the winner of the next point will have the advantage, requiring another point to win the game. If the player with advantage loses the next point, the score reverts to 40-all. AlleyThe area of court bounded by the singles and doubles sidelines, used in doubles games. Angle-gameStyle of play where the all is hot so as to force the opponent wide of the court BackhandThe tennis stroke in which the ball is struck on the opposite side of the body to the racquet hand. BallThe tennis ball is made rubber with a green/yellow fury coating BallboysAssistants whose job it is to collect the ball and return it to the serving player. BaselineTwo-inch wide mark at the rear of the court CrosscourtA crosscourt shot is played diagonally across the court Double FaultWhen a server faults twice in a row, and a point is lost. Deucea score of 40 all Deuce Courtthe right side of the court of each player Drop ShotA volley in which the ball drops just over the net ForecourtArea of court between the service line and the net FootfaultWhen a server places their foot over the service line in the process of serving the ball FaultDuring a serve, when the ball does not land inside the service area on the full. The player loses a point after two consecutive faults. LinesmanOfficial who sits in a chair along lines of the court to call whether balls are in or out. LobA ball hit high in the air attempting to land behind the opposition player NetThe barrier that separates the two halves of the court. Net cord judgeOfficial who determines if the serve hits the net. RallyA series of consecutive shots played by opponents before a winner ServeOverhead shot to start each point Stanceposition of the body prior to playing a shot SpinA method of stroke play which induces a pronounced rolling of the ball in the air either sideways, forwards or backwards depending on whether the racquet face moves respectively across, over or under the ball. TopspinA forwards rotation of the ball after a shot Umpireofficial who keeps score during the match UnderspinA backwards rotation of the ball after a shot WinnerA shot that beats an opponent Tennis is a game played between two players in singles or between two teams of two players each in doubles. Each player has a racquet to have the opportunity to hit the tennis ball across the court, over the net into your opponents half of the court. One person on a team or one opponent is the server the other(s) is the receiver. After the server does an overhead shot into the receivers court the opponent is required to hit the tennis ball back until either the ball is out of play or out of the lines on the court or the opponent misses a fair ball.

To improve a manual system

To improve a manual system Introduction Our project is to improve a manual system to an automated system, so we selected a local bookshop which had limited number of functions so its going to be easier for our project. The scope of the project is to analyze the need for a bookshop system, and to find advantages to formulate an effective computerized bookshop system that will eliminate the existing problems. In this process of analyzing, information were obtained from the staff as well as the customers Proposed system is expected to have simplified Bookshop system that will eliminate the difficulties and disadvantages of not having a system. The system is also expected to satisfy both the customers as well as the staff members in having efficient and effective Bookshop System. Systems Request Summery The Manager of the Book Shop requested us to design and implement an automated IT system to replace their current manual system. He wanted a very effective and efficient system which they expect more profits from this investment to the IT system. He wanted a system which is really user friendly because he didnt want the staff members to be unhappy with working in the new system. Findings As we visited the Book Shop and spoke with the staff members and the customers we found out the followings as main points for the design and what they expect us to do; Most of the staff members had a normal knowledge of computing. Staff has a fear that they might not be combatable with the new IT system. Customers have to wait long to search for books and billing. Recommendations We recommend the shop to have a complex system which will cover all the areas but the simple user interface so that any user can use the system easily. Use barcode system for the book. There for the customers wating time can be reduse. Keep a backup data of the users daily. In case of some thing happen to the system. Use camers in side the library. If some users doing damages to propety esily can identified. Create a Computer area for the users. To acess to the internet and to search the books. Time and Cost Estimation As we estimated the total program will take around 75 days to be developed. We are planning to finish the project within 72 days, but we kept 5 days extra incase of emergency. As the book shop isnt a company which is not gaining huge profits they wanted us to stick to a smaller budget. After our main analysis we decided to complete the project for 385,000 LKR. Expected outcomes By using automated system we hope to overcome these disadvantages of the manual system. In manual system all the things in the system have to do manually. So it causes to make lot of mistakes. Then using automated system we cam over come these things. Using automated system make this advantages to the system. Can keep full information about whole sellers who providing books and stationery items. In the manual system we have to keep information about whole sellers in books or some times that are not wrote some where and keep that in mind of the owner/manager. Then they forget or loosing papers, however they lost information about whole sale vendors. And other thing is all the vendors are not giving items at same prize. Some are cheaper than others. So buying cheep items can make more profit. With large number of whole sale vendors, it hard to compare and choose vendor to buy items for sale. In automated system it is easy because all the information of whole sale vendors is in one place and analyst it briefly. Not only the price but also we have to care about quality of items. Other wise if our customers not satisfy with goods our sales will do down. So we have to care about quality also. In this system can keep history of whole sale vendors can we can build confidence about goods they give to us. And if we have recode of who is the vendor provide each item if we feel something wrong while selling that we can change or complain about that. From that we can keep confidence between us and costumers. Can keep information about stock. When selling items it must to have enough stocks. If it doesnt has cant continuing selling process. And if doesnt have the item what customer want confidence between customer and shop will break. Then keeping stock details are the best way to avoid these disadvantages. And currently they are replacing lot of items once at a month. Then some are finished sooner some are not finish in that month, so that method is not very good. And it need more space for stock. By using a automated system it is easy to keep stock details. Manager can see easily what item is getting finish and he can replace it. Then space needed will be less. Keeping stock space less will allow the manager to add more stock when he needs according to the type of goods. Can keep reservations. If customer needs to reserve book it can reserve on the system then it can keep on stork till customer buy it. It helps to enhance confident of the customer. On the system it is vary easy to do it. Can keep information about customers. Customers are the main thin. Then keeping customers information is vary important. In manual system doesnt have method to keep customers information. When give special gift or discount to customers it is vary use full. Help to observe sales. Observing sales is useful to control businesses. Like controlling stocks, getting people to work, investing more for each item etc.